Contents -- 1 General principles of management of patients -- Communication skills -- Documentation and notekeeping -- Patient safety in surgical practice -- 2 Significance and preliminary investigation of urological symptoms and signs -- Haematuria I: definition and types -- Haematuria II: causes and investigation -- Haemospermia -- Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) -- Nocturia and nocturnal polyuria -- Loin (flank) pain -- Urinary incontinence -- Genital symptoms -- Abdominal examination in urological disease -- Digital rectal examination (DRE) -- Lumps in the groin -- Lumps in the scrotum -- 3 Urological investigations -- Urine examination -- Urine cytology -- Prostatic specific antigen (PSA) -- Radiological imaging of the urinary tract -- Uses of plain abdominal radiography -- Intravenous urography (IVU) -- Other urological contrast studies -- Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) -- Radioisotope imaging -- Uroflowmetry -- Post-void residual urine volume measurement -- Cystometry, pressure flow studies, and videocystometry -- 4 Bladder outlet obstruction -- Regulation of prostate growth and development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) -- Pathophysiology and causes of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) and BPH -- Benign prostatic obstruction (BPO): symptoms and signs -- Diagnostic tests in men with LUTS thought to be due to BPH -- Why do men seek treatment for their symptoms? -- Watchful waiting for uncomplicated BPH -- Medical management of BPH: alpha blockers -- Medical management of BPH: 5α -reductase inhibitors -- Medical management of BPH: combination therapy -- Medical management of BPH: alternative drug therapy -- Minimally invasive management of BPH: surgical alternatives to TURP -- Invasive surgical alternatives to TURP -- TURP and open prostatectomy.

Acute urinary retention: definition, pathophysiology, and causes -- Acute urinary retention: initial and definitive management -- Indications for and technique of urethral catheterization -- Indications for and technique of suprapubic catheterization -- Management of nocturia and nocturnal polyuria -- High pressure chronic retention (HPCR) -- Bladder outlet obstruction and retention in women -- Urethral stricture disease -- 5 Incontinence -- Classification -- Causes and pathophysiology -- Evaluation -- Treatment of sphincter weakness incontinence: injection therapy -- Treatment of sphincter weakness incontinence: retropubic suspension -- Treatment of sphincter weakness incontinence: pubovaginal slings -- Treatment of sphincter weakness incontinence: the artificial urinary sphincter -- Overactive bladder: conventional treatment -- Overactive bladder: options for failed conventional therapy -- 'Mixed' incontinence -- Post-prostatectomy incontinence -- Vesicovaginal fistula (VVF) -- Incontinence in the elderly patient -- 6 Infections and inflammatory conditions -- Urinary tract infection: definitions, incidence, and epidemiology -- Urinary tract infection: microbiology -- Lower urinary tract infection -- Recurrent urinary tract infection -- Urinary tract infection: treatment -- Acute pyelonephritis -- Pyonephrosis and perinephric abscess -- Other forms of pyelonephritis -- Chronic pyelonephritis -- Septicaemia -- Fournier's gangrene -- Epididymitis and orchitis -- Peri-urethral abscess -- Prostatitis: epidemiology and classification -- Prostatitis: presentation, evaluation, and treatment -- prostatic abscess -- Interstitial cystitis -- Tuberculosis -- Parasitic infections -- HIV and hepatitis in urological surgery -- Phimosis -- Inflammatory disorders of the penis -- 7 Urological neoplasia -- Molecular biology and pathology.

Prostate cancer: epidemiology and aetiology -- Prostate cancer: incidence, prevalence, and mortality -- Prostate cancer pathology: adenocarcinoma -- Prostate cancer pathology: possible premalignant lesions -- Prostatic specific antigen (PSA) and prostate cancer screening -- Prostate cancer: clinical presentation -- PSA and prostate cancer -- PSA derivatives: free-to-total ratio, density, and velocity -- Counselling before PSA testing -- Prostate cancer: transrectal ultrasonography and biopsies -- Prostate cancer staging -- Prostate cancer grading -- Management of localized prostate cancer: watchful waiting -- Management of localized prostate cancer: radical prostatectomy -- Post-operative course after radical prostatectomy: complications -- Prostate cancer control with radical prostatectomy -- Management of localized prostate cancer: radical external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) -- Management of localized prostate cancer: brachytherapy (BT) -- Management of localized and radio-recurrent prostate cancer: cryotherapy and HIFU -- Management of locally advanced non-metastatic prostate cancer (T3-4 N0M0) -- Management of advanced prostate cancer: hormone therapy I -- Management of advanced prostate cancer: hormone therapy II -- Management of advanced prostate cancer: hormone therapy III -- Management of advanced prostate cancer: androgen-independent disease -- Palliative management of prostate cancer -- Prostate cancer: prevention -- complementary and alternative therapies -- Bladder cancer: epidemiology and aetiology -- Bladder cancer: pathology and staging -- Bladder cancer: presentation -- Bladder cancer: diagnosis and staging -- Management of superficial TCC: transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT) -- Management of superficial TCC: adjuvant intravesical chemotherapy and BCG.

Muscle-invasive bladder cancer: surgical management of localized (pT2/3a) disease -- Muscle-invasive bladder cancer: radical and palliative radiotherapy -- Muscle-invasive bladder cancer: management of locally advanced and metastatic disease -- Bladder cancer: urinary diversion after cystectomy -- Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the renal pelvis and ureter -- Radiological assessment of renal masses -- Benign renal masses -- Renal cell carcinoma: epidemiology and aetiology -- Renal cell carcinoma: pathology, staging, and prognosis -- Renal cell carcinoma: presentation and investigations -- Renal cell carcinoma: surgical treatment I -- Renal cell carcinoma: surgical treatment II -- Renal cell carcinoma: management of metastatic disease -- Testicular cancer: epidemiology and aetiology -- Testicular cancer: clinical presentation -- Testicular cancer: serum markers -- Testicular cancer: pathology and staging -- Testicular cancer: prognostic staging system for metastatic germ cell cancer -- Testicular cancer: management of non-seminomatous germ cell tumours (NSGCT) -- Testicular cancer: management of seminoma, IGCN, and lymphoma -- Penile neoplasia: benign, viral-related, and premalignant lesions -- Penile cancer: epidemiology, risk factors, and pathology -- Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis: clinical management -- Carcinoma of the scrotum -- Tumours of the testicular adnexa -- Urethral cancer -- Retroperitoneal fibrosis -- Wilms' tumour and neuroblastoma -- 8 Miscellaneous urological disease of the kidney -- Cystic renal disease: simple cysts -- Cystic renal disease: calyceal diverticulum -- Cystic renal disease: medullary sponge kidney (MSK) -- Acquired renal cystic disease (ARCD) -- Autosomal dominant (adult) polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) -- Vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) in adults -- Pelviureteric junction (PUJ) obstruction in adults.

Anomalies of renal ascent and fusion: horseshoe kidney, pelvic kidney, malrotation -- Renal duplications -- 9 Stone disease -- Kidney stones: epidemiology -- Kidney stones: types and predisposing factors -- Kidney stones: mechanisms of formation -- Factors predisposing to specific stone types -- Evaluation of the stone former -- Kidney stones: presentation and diagnosis -- Kidney stones treatment options: watchful waiting -- Stone fragmentation techniques: extracorporeal lithotripsy (ESWL) -- Intracorporeal techniques of stone fragmentation -- Kidney stone treatment: flexible ureteroscopy and laser treatment -- Kidney stone treatment: percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) -- Kidney stones: open stone surgery -- Kidney stones: medical therapy (dissolution therapy) -- Ureteric stones: presentation -- Ureteric stones: diagnostic radiological imaging -- Ureteric stones: acute management -- Ureteric stones: indications for intervention to relieve obstruction and/or remove the stone -- Ureteric stone treatment -- Treatment options for ureteric stones -- Prevention of calcium oxalate stone formation -- Bladder stones -- Management of ureteric stones in pregnancy -- 10 Upper tract obstruction, loin pain, hydronephrosis -- Hydronephrosis -- Management of ureteric strictures (other than PUJO) -- Pathophysiology of urinary tract obstruction -- Physiology of urine flow from kidneys to bladder -- Ureter innervation -- 11 Trauma to the urinary tract and other urological emergencies -- Renal trauma: classification, mechanism, grading -- Renal trauma: clinical and radiological assessment -- Renal trauma: treatment -- Ureteric injuries: mechanisms and diagnosis -- Ureteric injuries: management -- Pelvic fractures -- bladder and ureteric injuries associated with pelvic fractures -- Bladder injuries -- Posterior urethral injuries in males and urethral injuries in females.

Anterior urethral injuries.