Effects of Air Pollution on the Built Environment.
Title:
Effects of Air Pollution on the Built Environment.
Author:
Brimblecombe, Peter.
ISBN:
9781848161283
Personal Author:
Physical Description:
1 online resource (449 pages)
Series:
Air Pollution Reviews ; v.2
Air Pollution Reviews
Contents:
CONTENTS -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Long Term Damage to the Built Environment -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Changes in Climate -- 2.1. History of Climate -- 2.2. Freeze-Thaw Cycles -- 2.3. Storms and Precipitation -- 2.4. Biological Factors -- 3. Changes in Air Pollution -- 3.1. History of Air Pollution -- 3.2. Early Acid Rain and Dry Fogs -- 3.3. Early Descriptions of Damage -- 3.4. Industrial Development and Pollution -- 3.5. Victorian Approaches to Damage -- 3.6. Architectural Responses -- 3.7. The Twentieth Century -- 3.8. Economic Analysis -- 3.9. Archeometric Sources of Information -- 4. Recent Changes in Modern Pollutants and Materials -- Chapter 2 Background Controls on Urban Stone Decay: Lessons from Natural Rock Weathering -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Origins of Misconceptions -- 2.1. Decisions Governing Choice of Materials -- 2.2. Research Bias and Accessibility -- 3. Process Interactions -- 4. Climatic Controls on Stone Decay -- 4.1. Temperature Controls -- 4.2. Moisture Controls -- 5. The Direct Consequences of Placing Stone Within a Building -- 6. Rates and Patterns of Decay -- 6.1. Temporal Variability -- 6.2. Spatial Variability -- 7. Inheritance Effects -- 8. Concluding Observations and Implications for Stone Conservation -- Chapter 3 Mechanisms of Air Pollution Damage to Stone -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Damage on Stone Buildings and Monuments -- 2.1. Marble and Limestone -- 2.2. Sandstone -- 2.3. Granite -- 3. Chamber Tests -- 4. Field Exposure Tests -- Chapter 4 Mechanisms of Air Pollution Damage to Brick Concrete and Mortar -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Air Pollutants -- 3. Concrete and Cement -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Cement And Concrete Chemistry -- 3.3. The Effect of Carbon Dioxide -- 3.4. The Effects of Other Pollutants -- 3.5. Conclusions -- 4. Brickwork and Mortar -- 4.1. Introduction.
4.2. Brick Manufacture and Composition -- 4.3. Pollutant Attack on Brick -- 4.4. Mortar and Pollutant Attack -- 4.5. Interactions Between Brick and Mortar -- 4.6. Conclusions -- Chapter 5 Salts and Crusts -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Sources of Salts in Building Materials -- 2.1. Chemical Weathering -- 2.2. Acid Deposition -- 2.3. Other Sources of Salts -- 3. Mobility and Hygroscopicity of Salts -- 4. Mechanism of Salt Damage -- 4.1. Crystallization Pressure -- 4.2. Hydration Pressure -- 5. Atmospheric Pollution and Salt Enrichment -- 6. Conclusions -- Chapter 6 Organic Pollutants in the Built Environment and Their Effect on the Microorganisms -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Sources of Organic Pollutants in Urban Environments -- 2.1. Hydrocarbons -- 2.2. Acids and Ketones -- 2.3. Triterpenoid Hydrocarbons -- 2.4. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons -- 2.5. Carbonaceous Matter -- 3. Identification of Organic Pollutants in Black Crusts -- 3.1. Analytical Methodologies -- 3.2. Sites Investigated -- 3.3. Solvent Extraction of Black Crusts -- 3.4. Analytical Pyrolysis of Black Crusts -- 3.5. Simultaneous Pyrolysis/Methylation -- 4. Microbiology of Black Crusts -- 5. Biodegradation of Black Crusts -- 5.1. Aliphatic Hydrocarbon Biodegradation -- 5.2. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Biodegradation -- 5.3. Gypsum Crust Biodegradation -- 6. Conclusions -- Chapter 7 Air Pollution Damage to Metals -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Effects of the Environment -- 2.1. The Multi-Pollutant Situation -- 2.2. Climate -- 2.3. Gaseous Pollutants -- 2.4. Particles -- 2.5. Wet Deposition -- 3. Effects on Metallic Materials -- 3.1. Effects on Metals in General -- 3.2. Ferrous Metals -- 3.3. Zinc and Galvanised Steel -- 3.4. Copper and Bronze -- 3.5. Aluminium -- 4. Life Time Assessment and Cost Calculations -- 5. Corrosion Trends.
Chapter 8 The Effect of Air Pollution on Glass -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Corrosion Process -- 2.1. Chemical Composition and Structure of Glass -- 2.2. Principle Corrosion Reactions -- 2.3. Different Stages of Surface Corrosion -- 2.4. Corrosion Enhancing Factors and Effects -- 3. Main Analytical Tools to Examine Corrosion Effects on Glass -- 3.1. SEM/EDX -- 3.2. InfraRed and Raman Spectroscopy -- 4. Evaluation of Environmental Impact -- 5. Conclusions -- Chapter 9 The Effects of Ozone on Materials - Experimental Evaluation of the Susceptibility of Polymeric Materials to Ozone -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental Design -- 2.1. Experimental Philosophy and Strategy -- 2.2. The High Ozone Exposure Chambers -- 2.3. The Open-Top Chambers -- 3. Exposure of Rubber and Polymeric Materials to Ozone -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Test Materials -- 3.3. Test Piece Evaluation -- 3.4. Results -- 4. Conclusions on the Exposure of Rubber and Polymeric Materials to Ozone -- Chapter 10 The Soiling of Buildings by Air Pollution -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Soiling and Material Damage -- 3. The Nature of Atmospheric Particles -- 3.1. Primary Particulate Matter -- 3.2. Secondary Particulate Matter -- 3.3. Particle Mass Concentrations -- 3.4. Chemical Composition of Particles -- 3.5. Carbonaceous Compounds -- 3.6. Particle Deposition -- 3.7. Deposition Velocities -- 4. Soiling Models -- 4.1. Field Studies -- 4.2. A Theoretical Framework -- 5. Deposition Velocity -- 6. Indoor Soiling -- 7. Economics of Soiling -- 8. Costs to Cultural Heritage Caused by Soiling -- 9. Conclusions -- Chapter 11 Changes in Soiling Patterns Over Time on the Cathedral of Learning -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Changes of Soiling Patterns -- 2.1. Background.
2.2. Changes in Soiling Patterns Over Time Based on Archival Photographs -- 2.3. Analysis of Soiling on Architectural Features -- 2.4. Comparison of Soiling Patterns with Modeling of Rain Impingement -- 3. Conclusions -- Chapter 12 Exposure of Buildings to Pollutants in Urban Areas: A Review of the Contributions from Different Sources -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Dispersion Over Different Scales in Urban Areas -- 2.1. The Definition of Scales and Spatial Variability -- 2.2. Dispersion at Short (Microscale) Ranges -- 2.3. Dispersion at Neighbourhood Scales (100-2000m) -- 2.4. Dispersion at Urban Scales (5-50 km) -- 2.5. Dispersion at Regional and Continental Scales (100 km +) -- 2.6. The Overall Pollutant Concentration Level Due to the Contribution of Sources at Varying Scales and "Background" Concentrations -- 3. Some Examples of Urban Pollutant Data -- 3.1. Pollution Monitoring Sites in the West Midlands Area -- 3.2. Correlations of Pollutant Levels Between the Sites -- 4. Discussion -- 5. Conclusions -- 6. Summary -- Chapter 13 The Whole Building and Patterns of Degradation -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Small-Scale Studies of Stone Degradation -- 3. Classification of Building Degradation -- 4. The Building as the Physical Representation of Socio-Economic and Cultural Factors -- 5. Conclusion -- Index.
Abstract:
Air pollution damages materials, but it has changed dramatically in the past century, with a reduction in the concentration of corrosive primary pollutants in urban atmospheres. At the same time, architectural styles and types of materials have changed, as we have moved to more organically rich, photochemically active atmospheres. Contemporary air pollutants have the potential to degrade organic coatings and polymers, which are of great importance to modern structures, while increasing amounts of fine diesel soot spoil the simple lines and smooth areas characteristic of many modern buildings. This book examines a range of materials, discussing the ways in which they are likely to be damaged by air pollutants. It should be of interest to scientists and policymakers dealing with the effects of urban air pollution. Contents: Long Term Damage to the Built Environment (P Brimblecombe & D Camuffo); Background Controls on Urban Stone Decay: Lessons from Natural Rock Weathering (B J Smith); Mechanisms of Air Pollution Damage to Stone (C Sabbioni); Mechanisms of Air Pollution Damage to Brick, Concrete and Mortar (T Yates); Salts and Crusts (M Steiger); Organic Pollutants in the Built Environment and Their Effect on the Microorganisms (C Saiz-Jimenez); Air Pollution Damage to Metals (J Tidblad & V Kucera); The Effect of Air Pollution on Glass (J Leissner); The Effects of Ozone on Materials - Experimental Evaluation of the Susceptibility of Polymeric Materials to Ozone (D S Lee et al.); The Soiling of Buildings by Air Pollution (J Watt & R Hamilton); Changes in Soiling Patterns Over Time on the Cathedral of Learning (W Tang et al.); Exposure of Buildings to Pollutants in Urban Areas: A Review of the Contributions from Different Sources (D J Hall et al.); The Whole Building and Patterns of Degradation (R Inkpen). Readership: Air pollution policymakers,
environmental scientists, architects and conservators.
Local Note:
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2017. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.
Genre:
Electronic Access:
Click to View