Intro -- THE HAGUE ACADEMY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW -- TABLE OF CONTENTS -- Preface -- Chapter I. International law in the kaleidoscopic world. -- A. Evolution of public international law -- B. The nature of the kaleidoscopic world -- 1. Globalization of the international system -- 2. Information and communications empowerment -- C. The tensions in a kaleidoscopic world -- 1. The threat from the bottom-up to the rule of law -- 2. The totalitarian danger and the loss of privacy -- 3. The contracting space for civil society and its organizations -- D. The Anthropocene and the recognition of a physical global commons -- E. The centrality of international norms -- Chapter II. International law reconsidered -- A. Theories of international law -- B. Reconception of public international law in a kaleidoscopic world -- 1. Definition : can it be defined ? -- 2. Scope : what makes an issue public international?. -- 3. The actors : who makes and who implements?.. -- 4. Sources : what forms of legal instruments -- 5. Obligations as a focus in public internationallaw -- C. Legal pluralism -- D. Norms as central -- E. Concluding observations -- Chapter III. Sources of public international law -- A. The traditional sources of international law -- 1. International agreements -- 2. Customary international law -- 3. General principles of law -- B. Non-binding legal instruments -- 1. Non-binding legal instruments in the Arctic region -- 2. Non-binding legal instruments and nuclear security -- 3. Non-binding legal instruments in the financial sector -- C. A third tier : individual voluntary commitments by States and other actors -- D. Concluding observations -- Chapter IV. Commons and public goods -- A. The concepts of commons and public goods in international law -- B. Options and norms -- 1. Privatize : national sovereignty -- 2. Regulate : international agreements.

3. Incentivize : economic instruments -- 4. Co-operate : voluntary measures -- C. Concluding observations -- Chapter V. Determining norms -- A. Theoretical approaches to recognition and development of norms -- 1. The positivist approach -- 2. The process approach. -- 3. The constructivist approach -- 4. Natural law as a source of norms -- B. Challenges to recognizing and establishing norms -- 1. Legitimacy -- 2. Accountability -- 3. Rapid and abrupt change -- 4. Representation of the future -- C. Diffusion, degradation, and disappearance of norms -- D. Norms for a kaleidoscopic world -- Chapter VI. Norms for the kaleidoscopic world : co-operation and avoidance of harm. -- A. Community of interest -- B. International co-operation -- 1. Embodiment in legal instruments. -- 2. Factors supporting co-operation -- C. Avoidance of harm -- 1. Principle of neighbourliness -- 2. Prohibitions on the use of force -- D. Implementing principles -- 1. Equitable use -- 2. Common but differentiated responsibilities -- 3. Common and shared responsibility -- E. Concluding observations -- Chapter VII. Norms in the kaleidoscopic Anthropocene. -- A. Principles and doctrines for the commons -- 1. Common heritage of mankind -- 2. Common concern of humankind -- 3. Sustainable development -- 4. Precaution -- 5. Polluter pays -- 6. Preventing environmental harm -- B. Procedural obligations to prevent harm -- C. Liability for harm -- D. Concluding observations -- Chapter VIII. Climate change and geoengineering the climate -- A. Recognition of climate change -- B. International agreements and commitments on climate change -- 1. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.. -- 2. The 1987 Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC -- 3. The 2015 Paris Agreement -- 4. Commitments by subnational and non-State actors -- C. Geoengineering to address climate change.

1. Geoengineering technologies -- 2. Carbon dioxide removal (CDR). -- 3. Solar radiation management (SRM) -- 4. Private sector initiatives in geoengineering -- D. International agreements applicable to geo-engineering -- 1. The UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement -- 2. Convention on Biological Diversity -- 3. 1972 London Ocean Dumping Convention and 1996 Protocol -- 4. Other international agreements -- E. Non-binding instruments -- F. Normative frameworks for addressing geo-engineering in a kaleidoscopic world -- 1. Options for addressing geoengineering -- 2. Risks of geoengineering -- 3. Fundamental norms applicable to geo-engineering -- G. Concluding observations -- Chapter IX. Human dignity, equity, and intergenerational equity -- A. Human dignity -- 1. Sources of norm -- 2. Contemporary applications -- 3. Meeting basic human needs -- B. Equity and economic disparity -- 1. Definitions of equity -- 2. Definition for a kaleidoscopic world -- C. Intergenerational equity -- 1. Elements of the principle of intergenerational equity -- 2. Rights and obligations or only obligations? -- 3. Relationship with intragenerational equity -- 4. Representation to interests of future generations -- D. Intergenerational equity in international courts. -- E. Intergenerational equity in national courts -- 1. Standing to represent future generations -- 2. Other procedural issues -- 3. Substantive applications of intergenerational equity -- 4. Use of natural resources -- 5. Permits for mining operations -- 6. Pollution -- 7. Climate change -- F. Concluding observations -- Chapter X. Emerging norms : transparency and anti-corruption -- A. Transparency norm -- 1. Demand for transparency -- 2. Assessment of norm -- (a) Benefits of transparency -- (b) Limits to transparency -- 3. Contours of a norm of transparency -- B. Anti-corruption norm -- 1. Costs of corruption.

2. Development and spread of an anti-corruption norm -- 3. Implementation and enforcement -- 4. A principle of common and shared responsibility -- 5. Kleptocracies and enforcement -- 6. An international court against corruption ? -- 7. International institutions -- enforcement ofthe anti-corruption norm -- 8. Links to good governance, transparency, and civil society -- C. Concluding observations -- Chapter XI. Frontier technologies : synthetic biology,cyber space, digital currencies -- A. Synthetic biology : gene editing -- 1. Gene drives : high-benefit, high-uncertainty -- 2. Applicable international law -- 3. Domestic regulatory efforts -- 4. Non-binding legal instruments -- 5. Voluntary normative commitments -- 6. A non-binding normative regulatory framework -- B. The Internet and social media -- C. Cyber security -- 1. Developing norms for cyberattacks. -- 2. Challenges for developing norms in cyber security -- 3. Consensus and disagreement on accepted norms -- 4. Applicable international law -- 5. More general international law applied to cyber warfare -- D. Bitcoins and other digital currencies -- E. Concluding observations -- Chapter XII. Accountability -- A. Defining accountability -- B. A cross-cultural normative framework of mutual accountability -- C. Accountability as process -- 1. Setting the stage -- 2. Implementing the obligation -- 3. Holding to account -- 4. Learning in the process -- D. Holding parties accountable in different situations -- 1. Who is accountable ? -- 2. To whom is a party accountable ? -- 3. For what is a party accountable ?. -- 4. When is a party accountable ?. -- 5. How is a party to be held accountable ?. -- 6. With what consequences?. -- 7. How do parties learn ?. -- E. Responsibility and accountability -- F. Concluding observations -- Chapter XIII. Accountability and international organizations.

A. Efforts to address accountability of international organizations -- 1. The International Law Commission report -- 2. The International Law Association report -- 3. Global administrative law -- B. Applying accountability to international organizations -- 1. Accountability in multilateral development banks -- 2. Applying accountability to a multilateral development bank project -- (a) The relationship between member Governments and management/staff -- (b) The MDB and the people affected by the project -- 3. Accountability for contractors and consultantsin MDB-financed projects and programmes -- 4. Internal accountability between management and staff -- 5. Internal accountability between the institution and its employees -- C. Concluding observations -- Chapter XIV. Accountability in the global supply chain -- A. Textiles : Rana Plaza factory collapse -- 1. Responses to the disaster -- 2. Applying accountability -- B. Palm oil production and transboundary haze -- 1. International legal instruments for accountability -- 2. National legislation for accountability -- 3. Non-State actor efforts for accountability -- C. Assessing accountability -- D. Accountability for global standards for public and private businesses -- Chapter XV. Looking to the future -- A. Assessment of status of public internationallaw. -- B. Challenges to the existing international legal order -- 1. The decline in multilateralism -- 2. Fragmentation of international law -- 3. The controversy over universal values -- C. Challenges from the kaleidoscopic world -- 1. Individuals as global actors -- 2. Empowerment from the bottom-up -- 3. Advances in technology -- D. Consideration of norms. -- E. An inclusive public international law for a kaleidoscopic world -- 1. The continuing role for States -- 2. The need to accept our commons -- 3. Reconceptualizing public international law.

F. Concluding observations.