Designing Schemes for Survey and Monitoring -- Modes of Sampling and Statistical Inference -- Basic Design Principles -- Major Design Decisions -- Optimization of Sample Selection -- Sampling in Space -- to Sampling in Space -- Global Quantities in Space -- Local Quantities in Space -- Variograms -- Sampling in Time -- to Sampling in Time -- Global Quantities in Time -- Local Quantities in Time -- Time-Series Models -- Sampling in Space-Time -- to Sampling in Space-Time -- Global Quantities in Space-Time -- Local Quantities in Space-Time.