Contents -- 1. Bone Loss: Dealing with Calcium and Bone Loss in Space -- Introduction -- Space-related Bone Loss -- Countermeasures for Space-related Bone Loss -- Monitoring Space-related Bone Loss -- Recommendations Based on Current Knowledge -- References -- 2. Psychosocial Support: Maintaining an Effective Team -- Introduction -- Psychosocial Issues Relevant to Spaceflight -- Approaches to Psychosocial Issues -- Countermeasures for Psychosocial Problems in Space -- Monitoring Psychological Well-being -- Recommendations Based on Current Knowledge -- References -- 3. Radiation Hazards: Establishing a Safe Level -- Introduction -- Radiation Concepts and Terms -- Radiation Biology Relevant to Spaceflight -- Radiation Hazards on Long-Duration Flights -- Countermeasures for Radiation Hazards -- Monitoring Radiation Exposure -- Recommendations Based on Current Knowledge -- References -- 4. Muscle Loss: A Practical Approach to Maintaining Strength -- Introduction -- Muscle Physiology Relevant to Spaceflight -- Approaches to Muscle Loss in Space -- Monitoring Muscle Loss and Strength -- Recommendations Based on Current Knowledge -- References -- 5. Extravehicular Activity: Performing EVA Safely -- Introduction -- EVA Physiology -- Countermeasures for EVA-related Problems -- Recommendations Based on Current Knowledge -- References -- 6. Balance: Neurovestibular Effects of Spaceflight and Their Operational Consequences -- Introduction -- The Control of Balance -- Changes in the Balance System Produced by Spaceflight -- Approaches to Balance System Changes after Spaceflight -- Recommendations Based on Current Knowledge -- References -- 7. Cardiovascular Changes: Atrophy, Arrhythmias, and Orthostatic Intolerance -- Introduction -- Cardiovascular Physiology Relevant to Spaceflight -- Effect of Spaceflight on the Cardiovascular System.

Approaches to Cardiovascular Changes in Space -- Monitoring Cardiovascular Changes -- Recommendations Based on Current Knowledge -- References -- 8. Nutrition: Maintaining Body Mass and Preventing Disease -- Introduction -- Nutritional Issues of Concern for Spaceflight -- Recommendations Based on Current Knowledge -- References -- 9. Motion Sickness in Space: Prevention and Treatment -- Introduction -- The Physiology of Motion Sickness -- Countermeasures for Motion Sickness in Space -- Recommendations Based on Current Knowledge -- References -- 10. Gender: Identifying and Managing the Relevant Differences -- Introduction -- Gender Differences of Concern for Spaceflight -- Single- versus Mixed-Gender Crews -- Recommendations Based on Current Knowledge -- References -- 11. Preflight Preparation and Postflight Recovery: Preparation and Rehabilitation -- Introduction -- Preparation and Rehabilitation -- Recommendations Based on Current Knowledge -- References -- 12. Long-Duration Flight Medical Planning: Medical Care on the Way to the Moon and Mars -- Introduction -- Medical Risks on Long-Duration Space Missions -- Prevention Strategies -- Intervention Strategies -- Recommendations Based on Current Knowledge -- References -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Z.