Abduction, Belief and Context in Dialogue Studies in Computational Pragmatics -- Editorial page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Table of contents -- The ABC of Computational Pragmatics -- 1 Introduction: general and computational pragmatics -- 2 Approaches and methods in computational pragmatics -- 2.1 Understanding and inference -- 2.2 Abduction -- 2.3 Reasoning about beliefs -- 2.4 Context -- 2.5 Context and communicative action -- 2.6 Cooperation and rationality -- 2.7 Underspecification and contextual interpretation -- 3 Pragmatics in language understanding systems -- 3.1 First-generation systems -- 3.2 PHLIQA, TENDUM, SPICOS, and CLE -- 3.3 TRAINS and Verbmobil -- 3.4 PLUS and DenK -- 4 About this book -- References -- An activity-based approach to pragmatics -- 1 Purpose -- 2 Background -- 2.1 Wittgenstein -- 2.2 Speech Act Theory -- 2.3 Conversation Analysis -- 2.4 Grice -- 2.5 Dialogue Grammars -- 2.6 Clark -- 2.7 Relevance theories -- 3 An activity based approach to communication and pragmatics -- 3.1 Multilayered constraints and enablements -- 4 Motivation, rationality, agency, explanation and understanding -- 5 The role of activity -- 6 Basic units of communication -- 6.1 Sequences of contributions -- 7 Contribution sequences and dialogue cohesion -- 7.1 Expressive and evocative aspects of communication -- 7.2 Obligations in communication -- 7.3 Evaluation and report -- 7.4 Interactive communication management -- 8 Dimensions of relevance -- 9 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Dialogue pragmatics and context specification -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Action-based approaches to language and dialogue -- 2.1 Speech act theory -- 2.2 Communicative Activity Analysis -- 3 Dynamic Interpretation Theory -- 3.1 Dialogue acts -- 3.2 Communicative functions -- 3.3 Understanding and utterance meaning -- 3.4 Dimensions of context.

4 Local context information -- 4.1 Task-oriented dialogue acts -- 4.2 Dialogue control acts -- 4.3 Summing up: what's in local context? -- 5 Representation of local context -- 5.1 Local social context -- 5.2 Local physical/perceptual context -- 5.3 Local semantic context -- 5.4 Local cognitive context -- 5.5 Linguistic context and dialogue memory -- 5.6 Articulate dialogue control information -- 5.7 Overall organization of context representations -- 6 Formalisms for context modelling -- 6.1 Constructive Type Theory -- 6.2 Modular Partial Models -- 6.3 MPMs as representations of information states -- 6.4 Modular partial models and context modelling -- 7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Pragmatics in language understanding and cognitively motivated architectures -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Ways of looking at language -- 2.1 Linguistic regularities -- 2.2 Relations between language and the real world -- 2.3 In search of regularities for different cognitive processes -- 2.4 Meaning and perception -- 3 Consequences for system architecture -- 3.1 Representing and using world knowledge -- 3.2 CARAMEL-1: reflectivity and control -- 3.3 'Sketchboard': a memory for subliminal processes -- 4 Illustrations -- 4.1 Pragmatics and understanding -- 4.2 Examples of the use of the Sketchboard model -- 5 Relating language to consciousness -CARAMEL-2 -- 5.1 Relations to learning and consciousness -- 5.2 Memory -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Dialogue analysis using layered protocols -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Dialogues to be analyzed -- 1.2 Goals, messages, and protocols in LP Theory -- 1.3 Mutual models and belief structures -- 2 The structure of a protocol node -- 2.1 Information sharing within and among protocols -- 2.2 The General Protocol Grammar (GPG) -- 2.3 The GPG as a dynamic belief structure -- 2.4 Dynamic behaviour of the GPG.

3 Analysis of information dialogues -- 3.1 The Alicante dialogue -- 3.2 The restaurant dialogue -- 3.3 Analysis of the dialogues: final comment -- 4 Conclusions -- Appendix: The restaurant dialogue -- References -- Coherence and structure in text and discourse -- 1 Textual coherence versus discourse structure -- 1.1 Coherence in text and dialogue -- 2 Coherence relations -- 2.1 Definitions of Coherence Relations -- 2.2 Coherence relations as theoretical concepts -- 3 Discourse structure -- 3.1 Discourse segment relations -- 3.2 The need for multiple relations -- 3.3 The Parallel-Components Model -- 4 Discourse operators -- 4.1 Discourse operators in spoken narrative discourse -- 4.2 Discourse operators in newspaper articles andcolumns -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Discourse focus tracking -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Why is focus worth tracking? -- 3 What is focus? -- 3.1 Some terminology -- 3.2 Are there two kinds of focus? -- 4 Why is focus tracking hard? -- 4.1 Why global focus tracking is hard -- 4.2 Why local focus tracking is hard -- 5 Treatments of global focus -- 5.1 Task structure and discourse structure -- 5.2 Coherence relations -- 5.3 Attention, intentions and discourse structure -- 6 Treatments of local focus -- 6.1 Focus and sentence organization -- 6.2 Rule-based approaches to local focus -- 6.3 Sidner's theory -- 6.4 Centering theory -- 6.5 Tense as discourse anaphor -- 7 Cumulative treatments of focus -- 8 Evaluating treatments of focus -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Speech act theory and epistemic planning -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Background -- 3 Rational behaviour and AI planning theory -- 4 Speech Act Theory -- 5 Epistemic Planning -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Context and form: declarative or interrogative, that is the question -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The function of declarative questions.

3 The experiments -- 3.1 General structure of the dialogues -- 3.2 The task -- 4 Results -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Appendix: Dialogues in Dutch -- The doxastic-epistemic force of declarative utterances -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Semantics versus pragmatics -- 3 Logical preliminaries -- 4 The epistemic force of declarative utterances -- 4.1 Moore's paradoxes -- 4.2 Epistemic counterparts of Moore's paradox -- 4.3 Grice revisited -- 4.4 Checking the proposal -- 4.5 Discussion and comparison -- 5 Extending the proposal -- 6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- A conceptual modelling approach to the implementation of beliefs and intentions -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Logics of knowledge and belief -- 1.2 Act-based attitudes models -- 1.3 User models in dialogue systems -- 2 Conceptual modelling techniques -- 2.1 What's in a conceptual model? -- 2.2 Inheritance hierarchies -- 2.3 Property modelling -- 2.4 Assertions -- 2.5 Situations -- 3 Attitude modelling -- 3.1 Components of a conceptual attitudes model -- 3.2 Modelling agents and their attitudes -- 3.3 Modelling situations -- 3.4 Modelling acts -- 3.5 Augmenting the model with assertions -- 4 Support for reasoning -- 4.1 Reasoning for interpretation and generation -- 4.2 Spoiled for choice? -- 4.3 Outline of a pragmatics-based reasoning procedure -- 5 Discussion -- 5.1 Conceptual models vs. pure logic -- 5.2 Structure vs. content -- 5.3 Domain-dependence and symmetry -- 6 Conclusion and further work -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Abduction and induction: a real distinction? -- 1 Philosophical background -- 2 Abduction in Artificial Intelligence -- 2.1 Charniak and McDermott -- 2.2 Hobbs: abductive interpretation -- 2.3 Kenny: practical reasoning -- 2.4 Reassessment of abduction in Artificial Intelligence -- 3 Conclusions -- References.

Laconic discourses and total eclipses: abduction in DICE -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Two exemplary problems -- 2.1 The problem of laconic discourse -- 2.2 The problem of total eclipses -- 3 The formal model of implicature -- 3.1 Temporal constraints and laconic discourse -- 3.2 Discourse structure -- 3.3 The rules -- 3.4 The logic -- 4 Interpretation by deduction -- 5 Generation by abduction -- 5.1 Overview of the process -- 5.2 Worked examples: push and fall -- 6 Solar eclipses: abduction in interpretation -- 7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Abductive reasoning with knowledge bases for context modelling -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Knowledge representation issues -- 3 Abduction -- 3.1 Abductive reasoning -- 3.2 Uses of abduction -- 3.3 Updates and integrity constraints checking -- 4 Integrity recovery and anomaly removal -- 5 Anomaly removal for dialogue management -- 5.1 Generation of a system response -- 5.2 A 'dialogue' example -- 6 On control and filtering -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Abductive speech act recognition, corporate agents, and the COSMA system -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Abduction -- 3 Speech act recognition -- 3.1 Linguistic convention in speech act recognition -- 3.2 A related example -- 3.3 Fixed expressions -- 3.4 Convention example -- 3.5 The rest of recognition -- 4 Corporate agents and speech acts -- 5 Disco -- 5.1 Uniform core formalism -- 5.2 System architecture -- 5.3 The logical form -- 6 COSMA -- 7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- List of Contributors -- Index.