Jacob Burckhardt, Judgments on History and Historians -- Front Matter -- Title Page -- Copyright Details -- Table of Contents, p. vii -- Foreword, p. xvii -- Translator's Preface, p. xxiii -- Judgments on History and Historians -- I. Antiguity, p. 1 -- 1. Ancient History and Its Scope, p. 1 -- 2. On the Intellectual Indispensability of Studying Ancient History, p. 2 -- 3. The Limits of Civilization and Barbarism, p. 4 -- 4. Why Today's "Educated Man" Can No Longer Understand Antiquity, p. 5 -- 5. The Historical Significance of Egypt, p. 7 -- 6. The Phoenicians as the Earliest Creators of (Polis), p. 8 -- 7. On Carthage, p. 9 -- 8. Athens, p. 10 -- 9. Rome and Its Mission in World History, p. 11 -- 10. On the Roman Empire in its First Two Centuries, p. 16 -- II. The Middle Ages, p. 26 -- 11. On the Middle Ages, p. 26 -- 12. On Early Christianity, p. 34 -- 13. Christianity as a Martyr Religion, p. 37 -- 14. On Asceticism and Its Position, p. 38 -- 15. The Spread of Nicene Christianity, p. 40 -- 16. The Church, p. 41 -- 17. Julian and the Prospect for a Restoration of Paganism, p. 44 -- 18. Western European Arianism and the Jews, p. 45 -- 19. The Breakup of th eWestern Empire, p. 46 -- 20. The Achievement of Clovis I, p. 47 -- 21. Mohammed as the Founder of a Religion, and Islam, p. 48 -- 22. The Despotism of Islam, p. 52 -- 23. Islam and Its Effects, p. 53 -- 24. The Two Main Realities for the Papcy of the Eighth Century, p. 54 -- 25. Charlemagne, p. 55 -- 26. The Normans, p. 57 -- 27. The Byzantine Empire and Its Mission, p. 58 -- 28. On the Iconoclastic Controvery, p. 59 -- 29. On the Crusades, p. 62 -- 30. The Sorrows and Sacrifices of the Crusades, p. 64 -- 31. On the Evaluation of the Later Middle Ages, p. 64 -- III. History from 1450 to 1598 -- 32. The Period from 1450 to 1598 and the Nineteenth Century's View of It, p. 66.

33. England in the Late Middle Ages, p. 79 -- 34. On Richard III, p. 80 -- 35. On the Wars of the Roses and on Scotland, p. 83 -- 36. Burgundy, p. 85 -- 37. Charles the Bold of Burgundy, p. 85 -- 38. France and the Idea of Unification, p. 86 -- 39. Louis XI, p. 87 -- 40. The German IMperial Power Under Frederick III, p. 88 -- 41. The Ottomans, p. 89 -- 42. The Republic of Florence, p. 90 -- 43. On the War of 1494, p. 91 -- 44. On the Power of the Papacy, p. 94 -- 45. Italy and the Rest of Europe, p. 95 -- 46. Spain and Portugal, p. 99 -- 47. The Beginning of the Reformation: General Considerations, p. 101 -- 48. On Luther, p. 103 -- 49. On the German Reformation: Its Causes and Spiritual Consequences, p. 104 -- 50. On the Reformation: Protestantism and Tradition - The Intolerance of the New Doctrine, p. 106 -- 51. On the Reformation: The Establishment of So-Called Spiritual Freedom, p. 108 -- 52. On the Reformation: The Masses, Their Motives and Consequences - Luther, p. 110 -- 53. On the Reformation: Governments-Confiscation of Property and Dogmatism - Church and State, p. 112 -- 54. The Origin of the Territorial Churches, p. 116 -- 55. On the Reformation AFter 1526: The Inevitable Caesaropapsim, p. 118 -- 56. On the Coming of the Reformation: The Reformation and the Fate of Art, p. 119 -- 57. On the Situation of the Catholic Church: The Direct Effect of the Reformation, p. 121 -- 58. On Zwingli's Later Period, p. 122 -- 59. Charles V and Francis I, p. 124 -- 60. On Charles V, p. 125 -- 61. On Henry VIII, p. 128 -- 62. Gustavus VAsa, p. 128 -- 63. The Community of the Elect, p. 129 -- 64. On Calvin, p. 131 -- 65. On Protestantism in France, p. 135 -- 66. German Culture Around 1555, p. 136 -- 67. On Camoens' Lusiads, p. 138 -- 68. On the Counter Reformation, p. 140 -- 69. St. Ignatius Loyola, p. 141 -- 70. The Jesuits, p. 142.

71. The Jesuits and the Papacy, p. 143 -- 72. The Third Council of Trent (1562-1563), p. 144 -- 73. The Popes of the Counter Reformation, p. 147 -- 74. On the German Counter Reformation, p. 147 -- 75. France in the Year 1562, p. 147 -- 76. After St. Bartholomew's Night, p. 148 -- 77. Murder as an Expedient, p. 151 -- 78. The Special Character of the French Court, p. 151 -- 79. On the Conversation of Henry IV, p. 152 -- 80. Holland, p. 154 -- 81. Mary Stuart, p. 155 -- 82. On Elizabeth of England, p. 157 -- 83. The Age of Elizabeth, p. 159 -- IV. History of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, p. 162 -- 84. Introduction to the History of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (1598-1763), p. 162 -- 85. The Character of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, p. 182 -- 86. The Huguenots Under Henry IV, p. 183 -- 87. Gomarists and Arminians, p. 184 -- 88. Power and Society in Europe Before the Thirty Years' War, p. 185 -- 89. Italy in the Seventeenth Century, p. 186 -- 90. Richelieu, p. 188 -- 91. On Germany's Situation Before the Thirty Years' War, p. 192 -- 93. On Wallenstein's End, p. 195 -- 94. The Great Elector, p. 197 -- 95. England Before the First Revolution, p. 197 -- 96. English Royalty and Its Task, p. 199 -- 97. Cromwell, p. 200 -- 98. The Fronde and the French Aristocracy, p. 203 -- 99. The Fronde and the Parlement of Paris, p. 204 -- 100. On Mazarin, p. 206 -- 101. Styles of Life and Art Around 1650, p. 207 -- 102. Sweden Under King Charles X Gustavus, p. 208 -- 103. The Age of Unlimited Princely Power, p. 209 -- 104. On Louis XIV, p. 210 -- 105. Louis XIV as Lord of the Church, p. 211 -- 106. The French Spirit of Uniformity and the Huguenots, p. 212 -- 107. Louis XIV Prior to the War of the Spanish Succession, p. 213 -- 109. England's Defense Against Militarism, p. 216.

110. On the Characteristics of the Seventeenth Century, p. 217 -- 111. Russia, p. 218 -- 112. England After George I, p. 220 -- 113. Frederick the Great, p. 221 -- V. The Age of Revolution, p. 223 -- 114. Introduction to the History of the Age of Revoltion, p. 223 -- 115. The Period of Reform from Above, p. 243 -- 116. Absolutism in the North, p. 245 -- 117. On the North American Revoutionary War, p. 245 -- 118. England, p. 247 -- 119. On Small States, p. 247 -- 120. On the Dissolution of the Jesuit Order, p. 248 -- 121. The Intellectual Situation Prior to 1789, p. 248 -- 122. German and French Intellectual Development in the Eighteenth Century, p. 249 -- 123. On Rousseau and His Utopia, p. 250 -- 124. The Political Situation in France Before the Revolution, p. 251 -- 125. The Destiny of the French Revolution, p. 252 -- 126. On Mirabeau, p. 253 -- 127. The Clergy, p. 254 -- 128. The Legislative Assembly and the Clubs, p. 255 -- 129. On the 10th of August, 1792, p. 257 -- 130. On the September Massacres, p. 257 -- 131. Before and After the Dissolution of the Convention, p. 259 -- 132. On the Trial of Louis XVI, p. 263 -- 133. Girondists and Jacobins, p. 264 -- 134. The Omnipotence of Utterly Unscrupulous Parties, p. 266 -- 135. How a Government Becomes Exceedingly Strong, p. 266 -- 136. Socialism? Communism?, p. 266 -- 137. The Innermost Core of the Revolution, p. 266 -- 138. Rousseau's Concept of Music and the Destruction of Churches, p. 267 -- 139. On Robespierre, p. 267 -- 140. Before the 9th Termidor (July 27, 1794), p. 268 -- 141. On the Mutual Destruction of the Revolutionary Factions, p. 269 -- 142. On the 18th Fructidor (September 4, 1797), p. 270 -- 143. Bonaparte and the 18th Fructidor, p. 272 -- 144. How Aristocracies and Princes Succumb, p. 273 -- 145. On the Invasion of Switzerland by the French, p. 273.

146. Old Bern and Why It Is Hated, p. 275 -- 147 . On the 18th Brumaire (November 9, 1799) and the Consulate, p. 275 -- 148. On Napoleon, p. 276 -- 149. Napoleon I and His Russian Campaign, p. 276 -- Index, p. 279.