ENERGIZING OUR FUTURE -- CONTENTS -- Preface -- Acknowledgment -- Introduction: Rising Energy Costs -- PART I A TRILOGY OF POPULAR MISCONCEPTIONS -- 1 Global Warming -- Conventional Wisdom -- CO(2) and the Carbon Cycle -- The Greenhouse Effect -- Recent Climate Changes -- Carbon Dioxide -- Other Global Warming ''Forcing Agents'' -- Water Vapor -- Methane -- Nitrous Oxide -- Ozone -- Sulfur -- Other Pollutants -- Carbon-Based and Other Particulates -- Solar Influences-Insolation and Irradiance -- Global Net Primary Productivity (NPP) -- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change -- IPCC Report Conclusions -- Footnote on the IPCC -- Dealing with Global Warming -- Can Anything Be Done? -- The Kyoto Protocol -- 2 The Hydrogen Economy (Aka, the Impossible Dream) -- The Promise of Hydrogen -- The Scale of the Task-Why Replace Gasoline? -- Replacing Fuels Other than Gasoline -- Hydrogen as an Alternative Fuel -- Hydrogen Production Methods -- Water-Splitting Processes-Overview -- Hydrogen from Electrolysis -- Electrolytic Hydrogen Production -- Oxygen By-products -- Energy Consumption and Electrolyzer Efficiency -- Electrolysis: Emissions -- Electrolysis: Economics -- Hydrogen from Hydrocarbons -- Thermal and Catalytic Reforming from Natural Gas -- Catalytic Thermochemical Reforming -- Scaling Issues-Up and Down -- Combustion CO(2) from Reforming -- Hydrogen Production Costs -- Natural Gas Reserves and Hydrogen -- Natural Gas and Hydrogen Manufacture -- Other Hydrogen Production Methods -- Photoelectrolysis -- Biomass Conversion to Hydrogen -- Hydrogen Production-Summary -- Safety Considerations -- Transporting and Distributing Hydrogen -- Compressing Hydrogen -- Liquid Hydrogen -- Pipelining Hydrogen -- Pipeline Leakage Losses -- Road Tanker Transportation of Hydrogen -- Hydrogen Leakage Losses -- Transportation and Distribution Alternatives.

Distributed Manufacturing of Hydrogen -- By Electrolysis -- By Reforming -- Hydrogen Reformer Reliability -- Hydrogen Reformer Safety -- Onboard Manufacture of Hydrogen -- Hydrogen Storage -- Hydrogen Storage Approaches -- Compressed Hydrogen Gas: Containment Technologies for 5000-10,000 psig -- Liquid Hydrogen: Cryogenic Containment -- Storage in Metals and Metal Hydrides -- Background on Metal Hydrides -- Complex Hydrides -- Catalyzed Hydrogen Adsorption and/or Desorption -- Feasibility of Metal Hydrides as Storage Media -- Hydrogen Adsorption/Desorption: ''Chemical Hydrides'' -- Hydride Slurries for Hydrogen Storage and Transportation -- Possible Nonmetal Hydrides/Hydrogen Carriers -- Hydrocarbons via Partial Dehydrogenation -- Carbon-Based Adsorption Systems -- Graphite -- Graphitic Nanotubes -- Zeolites -- Novel Hydrogen Storage Methods -- Hydrogen Carriers -- Ammonia -- Methanol -- Hydrogen Storage and DOE Criteria -- Storage Implications for Light-Duty Vehicles -- Hydrogen Storage with No Gravimetric or Volumetric Capacity Constraints -- Hydrogen Storage Assessment -- Hydrogen Safety -- Some Additional Safety Issues -- Summary of Hydrogen Issues -- 3 Nuclear Energy and the Plutonium Economy -- The Influence of Nuclear Energy -- Evolution of Reactor Designs -- Generation IV Reactors -- Fuel Recycling and Mixed Oxide Fuel -- Mixed Oxide Fuel (MOX) Use in Light-Water Reactors -- Mixed Oxide Fuel (MOX) Production and Processing -- Fast-Breeder Reactors -- Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor (GFR) -- Lead-Cooled Fast Reactor (LFR) -- Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor (SFR) -- Supercritical-Water-Cooled Reactor (SCWR) -- Very High-Temperature Reactor (VHTR) -- Radioactive Waste Disposal -- Nuclear Facility Decommissioning -- Decommissioning Examples -- Transmutation of Nuclear Wastes -- Uranium Supply Concerns -- Supply Projections -- Uranium from Seawater.

Uncertainty about Safe and Sustainable Reactor Technology -- The Problem in Ontario, Canada -- Fusion Power -- The Future is Dimming on Nuclear Power -- PART II ENERGY OPTIONS FOR THE FUTURE -- 4 Conventional Oil and Oil Reserves -- Oil Reserves -- Conventional Natural Gas -- ''Unconventional'' Oil -- ''Unconventional'' Gas -- Coal-Bed Methane (CBM) -- ''Tight'' Gas -- Stranded or Orphaned Gas -- A Short (Age) Summary -- Who Really Sets Oil Prices? -- Future Supply, Demand, and Pricing -- Oil -- Natural Gas and Synthetics -- 5 Coal and Bituminous Reserves -- Coal -- The Lurgi Process (Coal to Syngas or High BTU Fuel Gas) -- The Hygas Process (Coal to SNG) -- The Bi-Gas Process (Coal to SNG) -- The CO(2) Acceptor Process -- Other Coal Processes -- Underground Processing of Coal -- Other Important Alternative Energy Sources -- Municipal Waste -- 6 Biomass and Ethanol -- Current Availability -- Biomass Conversion Technologies -- Prepreparation -- Conversion -- Enzymatic Saccharification of Cellulose -- Steam Explosion -- Saccharification and Fermentation -- Conversion Products and By-Products -- Sugars -- Value-Added Products (e.g., Ethanol, Polymers) -- By-Products -- Animal Feed -- Lignin and Lignin Derivatives -- Cellulose Derivatives -- Other Raw Materials for Biomass -- Large-Scale, High-Value End Products from Non-Corn Biomass Conversion -- Chemicals from Corn -- Available Technologies for Chemicals Production from Biomass -- Acid Hydrolysis of Biomass Cellulose -- Countercurrent Hydrolysis -- Enzymatic Hydrolysis -- Commercialization -- Cost Implications of Biomass Use -- Net Energy Balances -- Manufacturing Efficiency -- The Thermodynamics of Growing Corn -- The Thermodynamics of Processing Corn into Ethanol -- Ethanol Production Efficiencies -- Corn Production in the United States -- Federal Subsidies for Ethanol.

Longer Term Ethanol Prospects -- Final Ethanol Observations -- 7 Methanol -- Possible Fossil Sources of Syngas -- Methanol as an Energy Carrier -- Methanol Manufacturing and Applications -- 8 Diesel and Biodiesel -- ''Clean Diesel'' Fuel and Diesel Fuel Substitutes -- The Diesel Market: The Future of Diesel Engines and Diesel Fuels -- Diesel Engine Emissions -- Biodiesel -- What is Biodiesel? -- Advantages of Biodiesel -- Disadvantages of Biodiesel -- Oxidative and Hydrolytic Stability -- Use in Diesel Hybrids -- Alternatives to Vegetable Oil-Based Biodiesel for Diesel Substitution -- Other Alcohols in Petroleum Diesel -- Other Oxygenated Additives in Petroleum Diesel -- Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) or Biomass-to-Liquid (BTL) Products as Diesel Substitutes -- Diesel Fuels and Fuel Substitutes-Summary and Discussion -- Diesel Fuel Conclusions -- 9 Solar Energy and Photovoltaics -- Solar Radiation -- Scattered, Beam, and Albedo Radiation -- Solar Insolation -- Direct Solar Energy -- Passive and Active Solar Heating -- Solar Photovoltaic Systems -- General Operation of PV Cells -- PV Types -- Amorphous Silicon -- Single-Crystalline Silicon -- Polycrystalline Silicon -- Polycrystalline Thin Films -- Polycrystalline Thin-Film Materials -- Multijunction PV Cells -- Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells -- Organic Solar Cells (OSC) -- Grid-Connected Solar Energy -- PV Solar Energy Prices -- PV Manufacturing Giants -- Future Outlook -- 10 Fuel Cells for Stationary and Mobile Use -- Fuel Cell Principles -- Types of Fuel Cell -- The Importance of FC Operating Temperatures -- Polymer Electrolyte Membrane/Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) -- Regenerative PEM Cells -- The Direct Methanol Fuel Cell -- Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) -- Hybrid Power Systems Incorporating SOFCs -- Other Important Fuel Cells -- The Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC) -- The Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC).

The Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) -- Fuels for Fuel Cells -- Hydrogen-A Bad Choice for Fuel Cells -- Real-World Fuel Cell Efficiencies -- User Expectations -- Onboard Fuel Storage Requirements -- Realistic DOE Objectives -- Current Status -- Appendix 1 FAQ on Energy and Hydrogen -- Introduction -- Questions on Basic Facts -- Appendix 2 Terms and Definitions -- Selected Terms and Conditions Courtsy H.S.D.Q.E. -- Index.