Healthy Ageing : The Role of Nutrition and Lifestyle.
Title:
Healthy Ageing : The Role of Nutrition and Lifestyle.
Author:
Foundation), BNF (British Nutrition.
ISBN:
9781118829981
Personal Author:
Edition:
1st ed.
Physical Description:
1 online resource (450 pages)
Series:
British Nutrition Foundation ; v.3
British Nutrition Foundation
Contents:
Cover -- Title Page -- Contents -- Foreword -- Terms of Reference -- Task Force Membership -- 1 Diet and Nutrition Issues Relevant to Older Adults -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Demographics -- 1.2 Ageing and health -- 1.2.1 Causes of death -- 1.2.2 Quality of life -- 1.3 Ageing, gender and ethnicity -- 1.4 Costs of an ageing population -- 1.5 Nutritional requirements of older people and current recommendations -- 1.5.1 Energy -- 1.5.2 Bodyweight -- 1.5.3 Macronutrients -- 1.5.4 Micronutrients -- 1.5.5 Fluid -- 1.5.6 Physical activity -- 1.6 Food patterns, nutrient intakes and nutritional status of older people -- 1.6.1 Food patterns -- 1.6.2 Nutrient intakes -- 1.6.3 Nutritional status -- 1.7 Determinants of food and nutrient intake and status in older people -- 1.7.1 Ill health, disease and disability -- 1.7.2 Poor dentition -- 1.7.3 Living in institutions -- 1.7.4 Socio-economic status, poverty and economic uncertainty -- 1.7.5 Drug-nutrient interactions -- 1.7.6 Taste and smell -- 1.8 Conclusions -- 1.9 Key points -- 1.10 Recommendations for future research -- 1.11 Key references -- 2 The Basic Biology of Ageing -- 2.1 Definitions -- 2.2 Current understanding of ageing and its genetic basis -- 2.3 Mechanisms of cellular damage -- 2.3.1 DNA damage and repair -- 2.3.2 Telomeres -- 2.3.3 Mitochondria -- 2.3.4 Epigenetic changes -- 2.3.5 Proteins -- 2.3.6 Interactions between mechanisms -- 2.4 Metabolic factors affecting ageing -- 2.5 Energy (calorie) restriction in rodents -- 2.6 Early life effects -- 2.7 Nutrition and antioxidants -- 2.8 Nutrition and inflammation -- 2.9 Nutrigenomics -- 2.10 Conclusions -- 2.11 Key points -- 2.12 Recommendations for future research -- 2.13 Key references -- 3 Healthy Ageing: Teeth and the Oral Cavity -- 3.1 Changing oral health status with age.
3.2 Impact of nutrition on oral disease -- 3.2.1 Dental caries (tooth decay) -- 3.2.2 Sugars consumption -- 3.2.3 Erosion -- 3.2.4 Antioxidants and periodontal disease -- 3.2.5 Nutrients and oral mucosal health -- 3.2.6 Alcohol -- 3.2.7 Oral cancer -- 3.2.8 Smoking -- 3.3 Impact of the oral environment on nutrition -- 3.3.1 Chewing efficiency, digestion and foods choice -- 3.3.2 Salivary changes with age and disease -- 3.4 Taste and smell -- 3.4.1 Alterations in taste perception with age -- 3.4.2 Alterations in olfactory perception with age -- 3.5 Texture -- 3.6 Key points -- 3.7 Recommendations for future research -- 3.8 Key references -- 4 Healthy Ageing: Bone Health -- 4.1 Introductory remarks -- 4.1.1 Defining bone health -- 4.1.2 Implications of osteoporosis from a public health perspective -- 4.1.3 Change in bone mass with ageing -- 4.1.4 Determinants of bone health: modifiable vs. non-modifiable factors -- 4.2 Nutritional influences on bone health -- 4.2.1 General -- 4.2.2 Calcium -- 4.2.3 Vitamin D status and health -- 4.2.4 Protein intake and bone health -- 4.2.5 Vitamin K -- 4.2.6 The effect of fruit and vegetables on bone health -- 4.2.7 Vegetarianism and bone health -- 4.2.8 Isoflavones and bone health -- 4.2.9 Vitamin A and bone -- 4.2.10 Folate and osteoporosis -- 4.2.11 Sodium -- 4.2.12 Alcohol and caffeine -- 4.2.13 Polyunsaturated fatty acids and bone health -- 4.2.14 Other key factors affecting bone health -- 4.3 Discussion -- 4.4 Key points -- 4.5 Recommendations for future research -- 4.6 Key references -- 5 Healthy Ageing: The Joints -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Background -- 5.1.2 Principles relating to associations between diet and arthritis -- 5.2 The inflammatory arthropathies -- 5.2.1 Diet and rheumatoid arthritis.
5.2.2 Dietary fatty acids and inflammatory arthritis -- 5.2.3 Nutritional problems resulting from severe inflammatory arthritis -- 5.2.4 Gout and nutrition -- 5.3 Osteoarthritis -- 5.3.1 What is osteoarthritis (OA)? -- 5.3.2 Incidence and prevalence of OA -- 5.3.3 Risk factors for OA -- 5.3.4 Incident OA and progressive OA -- 5.3.5 Clinical features of OA -- 5.3.6 Joint pain in older people -- 5.3.7 Musculoskeletal disability in older people -- 5.3.8 The prevention and treatment of OA -- 5.4 Conclusion -- 5.5 Key points -- 5.6 Recommendations for future research -- 5.7 Key references -- 6 Healthy Ageing: Skeletal Muscle -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Functions of skeletal muscle -- 6.3 Sarcopenia -- 6.3.1 Definition of sarcopenia and its prevalence -- 6.3.2 Onset of sarcopenia -- 6.3.3 Sex differences -- 6.3.4 Impact of birth weight -- 6.3.5 Effects of co-morbidity and smoking -- 6.4 Muscle fibre type composition and ageing -- 6.4.1 Muscle collagen -- 6.5 Proximal causes of age-related changes in skeletal muscle -- 6.5.1 Free radical theory of ageing -- 6.5.2 Mitochondrial damage theory -- 6.5.3 Inflammation theory of ageing -- 6.6 Ageing and glucose metabolism -- 6.7 Protein turnover -- 6.7.1 Muscle protein synthesis -- 6.7.2 Muscle protein breakdown -- 6.8 Implications for protein requirements -- 6.9 Caloric restriction -- 6.10 The effects of physical activity/exercise -- 6.11 Can nutraceuticals help maintain muscle mass? -- 6.12 Skeletal muscle spasms with progressive ageing -- 6.13 Summary and recommendations -- 6.14 Key points -- 6.15 Recommendations for future research -- 6.16 Key references -- 7 Healthy Ageing: The Skin -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Skin structure and function -- 7.2.1 Anatomy -- 7.2.2 Skin facts -- 7.2.3 Function -- 7.3 Intermediate metabolism -- 7.4 Skin research models -- 7.5 Vitamin D and health.
7.6 Skin ageing -- 7.6.1 Skin ageing: clinical appearance and histology -- 7.6.2 Skin ageing: mechanisms -- 7.6.3 The role of telomeres in skin ageing -- 7.6.4 Neuroendocrine stress and skin ageing -- 7.6.5 Hormonal pathway interactions and skin ageing -- 7.7 Nutritional influences on skin health -- 7.8 Vitamins essential for skin -- 7.8.1 Vitamin A (retinol) -- 7.8.2 Vitamin C -- 7.8.3 The B vitamins -- 7.8.4 Vitamin D -- 7.8.5 Vitamin E -- 7.9 Nutrition, UV protection and skin ageing -- 7.9.1 Carotenoids and UV protection -- 7.9.2 Vitamins E and C and UV protection -- 7.9.3 Omega-3 fatty acids and sun protection -- 7.9.4 Polyphenols and sun protection -- 7.10 Nutrition and wound healing -- 7.10.1 Proteins and amino acids -- 7.10.2 Carbohydrates and fats -- 7.10.3 Vitamins -- 7.10.4 Trace elements -- 7.11 Dietary intake and skin conditions -- 7.12 Gene-nutrient interactions and skin -- 7.12.1 Vitamin A -- 7.12.2 Vitamin D -- 7.12.3 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) -- 7.12.4 Oestrogens and phytoestrogens -- 7.13 Skin nutrition: topical or dietary? -- 7.14 Key points -- 7.15 Recommendations for future research -- 7.16 Key references -- 8 Healthy Ageing: The Brain -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Stroke -- 8.2.1 Blood pressure and risk of stroke -- 8.2.2 Dietary determinants of blood pressure -- 8.2.3 Homocysteine and risk of stroke -- 8.2.4 Randomised trials of B vitamin supplementation to prevent stroke and CHD -- 8.2.5 Cholesterol and risk of stroke -- 8.2.6 Antioxidants and risk of stroke -- 8.2.7 n-3 and n-6 fatty acids and risk of stroke -- 8.3 Dementia -- 8.3.1 Vitamin B12 and folate and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia -- 8.3.2 Possible hazards of folic acid -- 8.3.3 Oxidative stress and Alzheimer's disease -- 8.3.4 Dietary fat and dementia.
8.3.5 Blood pressure and risk of dementia -- 8.3.6 Aluminium and Alzheimer's disease -- 8.3.7 Caffeine, alcohol and cognitive decline -- 8.3.8 Physical activity and dementia -- 8.4 Depression -- 8.5 Parkinson's disease -- 8.5.1 Diet and Parkinson's disease -- 8.6 Implications for research and public health -- 8.7 Key points -- 8.8 Recommendations for future research -- 8.9 Key references -- 9 Healthy Ageing: The Eye -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Refractive errors -- 9.1.2 Cataract -- 9.1.3 Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) -- 9.1.4 Glaucoma -- 9.1.5 Diabetic retinopathy -- 9.1.6 Vision impairment in ethnic groups -- 9.2 AMD and cataract: classic conditions of ageing? -- 9.3 Brief review of structure and function of the lens -- 9.3.1 Opacification of the lens -- 9.3.2 The antioxidant defence system of the lens -- 9.4 Brief overview of retinal structure and function -- 9.4.1 Light and the retina -- 9.4.2 The antioxidant defence system in the retina -- 9.5 The role of diet: evidence from epidemiological studies -- 9.5.1 Epidemiological evidence on external oxidative stress -- 9.5.2 Antioxidants and lens opacities -- 9.5.3 Body fat and lens opacities -- 9.5.4 Antioxidants and AMD -- 9.5.5 AMD and dietary fat -- 9.5.6 Body fat and AMD -- 9.6 Role of diet: evidence from randomised trials -- 9.6.1 Age-related macular degeneration -- 9.6.2 Cataracts -- 9.7 Key points -- 9.8 Recommendations for future research -- 9.9 Key references -- 10 Healthy Ageing: The Cardiovascular System -- 10.1 Pathophysiology -- 10.2 The scale of the problem -- 10.3 Ageing and CVD risk -- 10.4 Risk factors for CVD in the general population -- 10.4.1 'Classic' risk factors -- 10.4.2 'Emerging' risk factors -- 10.4.3 Risk factor clustering -- 10.5 Age trends in CVD risk factors.
10.6 Relevance of CVD risk factors after the age of 65 years.
Abstract:
Year on year, countries across the world continue to see an increase in life expectancy, largely attributed to the impact of modern medicine and disease eradication. There is now increasing evidence that environmental factors such as diet and lifestyle also have a significant role to play. However with this increase in years there often comes an unfortunate rise in chronic morbidity, with the quality of later life severely compromised by ill health. With age being the single greatest risk factor for a large proportion of common medical conditions, this latest report from the British Nutrition Foundation looks in detail at the role nutrition and physical activity can play in ensuring that the older adults of tomorrow can lead not only longer, but healthier lives. Written by a team of well known and respected experts Describes the role of diet and lifestyle in the ageing process of the major body organs and tissues including the brain, heart, gastrointestinal tract, musculoskeletal tissues, eyes, teeth and skin, as well as immune and endocrine systems Provides essential information for anyone involved in promoting health and quality of life for older people Each chapter includes a summary of the key points, as well as important recommendations to help identify long-term strategies for healthy ageing An overview of the main messages of the report are provided in a practical question and answer format suitable for lay readers Full of invaluable information on a subject which is set to increase in importance as the average age of populations rise worldwide, this book is crucial reading for students of nutrition, dietetics and food science, clinical nutritionists, public health nutritionists and policy makers. It will also provide an excellent reference for those working in the food industry and for nutritional supplement manufacturers and
pharmaceutical companies.
Local Note:
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2017. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.
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