Cover -- Half-title -- Series-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Figures -- Tables -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Language Use as Part of Linguistic Theory -- 1.1 Substance and Usage in Phonology -- 1.2 Some Basic Principles of a Usage-Based Model -- 1.3 The Creative Role of Repetition -- 1.4 Frequency Effects -- 1.4.1 Token Frequency -- 1.4.2 Type Frequency and Productivity -- 1.4.3 Frequency Effects in Other Theories -- 1.5 Phonology as Procedure, Structure as Emergent -- 1.6 Organization of the Book -- 1.7 Language as a Part of Human Behavior -- 2 A Usage-Based Model for Phonology and Morphology -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Rule/List Fallacy -- 2.3 Organized Storage -- 2.4 Morphological Structure Is Emergent -- 2.5 Rules and Schemas Compared -- 2.6 Frequency Effects -- 2.7 Units of Storage -- 2.8 Phonological Units -- 2.9 From Local to General Schemas -- 2.10 Conclusion -- 3 The Nature of Lexical Representation -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Phonemic Principle -- 3.3 A Cognitively Realistic Model of Phonological Representation -- 3.4 Linguistic Evidence for Detailed and Redundant Storage -- 3.4.1 Lexical Variation -- 3.4.2 Change in the Locus of Contrast -- 3.4.3 Schemas Generalize Over Predictable Material -- 3.5 Usage-Based Categorization versus Phonemic Representation -- 3.5.1 Phonemic Representation -- 3.5.2 Phonetic Categorization -- 3.6 Phonetic Detail in the Lexicon-Variation and the Early Involvement of the Lexicon and Morphology in Change -- 3.7 A Model for Sound Change -- 3.8 Special Reduction of High-Frequency Words and Phrases -- 3.9 Conclusion -- 4 Phonological Processes, Phonological Patterns -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Phonetic Etiology and Its Limits -- 4.3 Articulatory Gestures -- 4.3.1 The Gestural Approach -- 4.3.2 Assimilation -- 4.3.3 Other Retiming Changes -- 4.3.4 Reductive Processes.

4.3.5 Acoustic-Perceptual Aspects of Phonological Processes and Change -- 4.3.6 Section Summary -- 4.4 Patterns of Change and Constraints on Processes -- 4.4.1 Temporal and Substantive Reduction -- 4.4.2 The Interaction of Temporal and Substantive Reduction -- 4.4.3 Strengthenings -- 4.4.4 Perceptually Motivated Changes -- 4.4.5 Gestures or Individual Muscles? -- 4.5 Segments as Emergent Units -- 4.6 Generalization over Syllable-Initial and Syllable-Final Position -- 4.7 Phonotactics -- 4.7.1 Phonotactics and Phonological Processes -- 4.7.2 Phonotactics as Emergent Generalizations -- 4.7.3 Phonological Generalizations with High Type Frequency as Sources of Change -- 4.8 Conclusion -- 5 The Interaction of Phonology with Morphology -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Morphological versus Phonological Conditioning -- 5.2.1 The Preference for Morphological over Phonological Conditioning -- 5.2.2 Divergence of Phonological Patterns in Different Morphological Contexts -- 5.2.3 The Break-Up of Phonological Natural Classes in Morphologized Patterns -- 5.2.4 The Basic/Derived Relation in Phonology and Morphology -- 5.3 Lexical Storage of Complex Forms, Both Regular and Irregular -- 5.4 Lexical Strength -- 5.5 Paradigmatic Relations Expressed as Lexical Connections -- 5.6 Lexical Classes: Productivity Due to Type Frequency -- 5.7 The Interaction of Lexical Strength and Lexical Connection -- 5.8 Product-Oriented Schemas -- 5.9 Phonological Similarity in Gangs -- 5.10 Conclusion -- 6 The Units of Storage and Access: Morphemes, Words, and Phrases -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Phonological Representations of Words -- 6.2.1 Words Tend to Have a Single Range of Variation -- 6.2.2 Word Boundary Phenomena -- 6.3 Morphemes within Words -- 6.3.1 Alternations Develop in Morphemes -- 6.3.2 Morphemes in Alternating Environments -- 6.3.3 Uniform Environments.

6.3.4 Alternating Environments That Block Change -- 6.3.4.1 The Weakening of /f/ to /h/ in Spanish -- 6.3.4.2 Palatalization in Latin Verbs -- 6.4 Phrases and Constructions with Alternations -- 6.4.1 The Reduction of don't in American English -- 6.4.2 String Frequency and Other Measures of Probability -- 6.4.3 Phonological Reduction in Grammaticizing Constructions -- 6.5 Conclusion -- 7 Constructions as Processing Units: The Rise and Fall of French Liaison -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Final Consonant Deletion in French -- 7.3 Grammatical Constructions and Liaison -- 7.4 Loss of Liaison as Regularization -- 7.5 Syntactic Cohesion as Frequency of Co-occurrence -- 7.6 Taking the Phonology Seriously -- 7.7 Conclusion -- 8 Universals, Synchrony and Diachrony -- 8.1 Universals and Explanation -- 8.2 Searching for Universals -- 8.3 Phoneme Inventories -- 8.4 Two Main Mechanisms for Phonological Change -- 8.4.1 Interaction of Mechanisms -- 8.4.2 Summary on Segment Inventories -- 8.5 Syllable Structure -- 8.5.1 Preference Laws -- 8.5.2 Paths of Change -- 8.6 More Evidence against Universals as Purely Synchronic -- 8.7 Diachronic Sources for Formal Universals: The Phonemic Principle and Structure Preservation -- References -- Author Index -- Subject Index -- Languages Index.