Preface -- PDH and T Carrier: The Plesiochronous Hierarchies -- 1.1 An Introduction to Communications Systems -- 1.1.1 Signals and Information -- 1.1.2 Transmission Medium -- 1.1.2.1 Attenuation -- 1.1.2.2 Distortion -- 1.1.2.3 Noise -- 1.1.2.4 The transmission channel -- 1.1.3 Channel Coding -- 1.1.3.1 Nonreturn to zero -- 1.1.3.2 Alternate mark inversion -- 1.1.3.3 Bit eight-zero suppression -- 1.1.3.4 High-density bipolar three zeroes -- 1.1.3.5 Coded mark inverted -- 1.1.4 Multiplexing and Multiple Access -- 1.2 Pulse Code Modulation -- 1.3 PDH and T-Carrier -- 1.3.1 Basic Rates: T1 and E1 -- 1.4 The E1 Frame -- 1.4.1 Frame Alignment -- 1.4.2 Frame Alignment Signal -- 1.4.3 Multiframe CRC-4 -- 1.4.3.1 The CRC-4 procedure -- 1.4.3.2 CRC-4 multiframe alignment -- 1.4.3.3 Advantages of the CRC-4 method -- 1.4.3.4 Monitoring errors -- 1.4.4 Supervision Bits -- 1.4.5 NFASs - Spare Bits -- 1.4.6 NFAS - Alarm Bit -- 1.4.7 Signaling Channel -- 1.4.8 CAS Signaling Multiframe -- 1.4.8.1 CAS multiframe alignment signal -- 1.4.8.2 CAS nonmultiframe alignment signal -- 1.5 The Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy -- 1.5.1 Higher Hierarchical Levels -- 1.5.2 Multiplexing Level 2: 8 Mbps -- 1.5.3 Multiplexing Level 3: 34 Mbps -- 1.5.4 Multiplexing Level 4: 140 Mbps -- 1.5.5 Service Bits in Higher Level Frames -- 1.5.6 Plesiochronous Synchronization -- 1.5.7 Positive Justification -- 1.5.7.1 Justification opportunity bits -- 1.6 Managing Alarms in Higher Level Hierarchies -- 1.7 The T-Carrier Hierarchy -- 1.7.1 The DS1 Frame -- 1.7.2 The DS2 Frame -- 1.7.3 The DS3 Frame -- SDH/SONET: The Synchronous Hierarchies -- 2.1 The Emergence of SDH/SONET Networks -- 2.1.1 Limitations of Plesiochronous Networks -- 2.1.2 The SDH/SONET Challenge -- 2.1.2.1 Full management -- 2.1.2.2 Providing circuits for public networks -- 2.1.2.3 Universal standard.

2.2 Comparison of SDH and SONET -- 2.3 Functional Architecture -- 2.3.1 Network Elements -- 2.3.2 Network Topology -- 2.3.3 Topology Partitioning -- 2.3.4 SDH/SONET Layers -- 2.3.4.1 Path layers -- 2.3.4.2 Multiplex section or line layer -- 2.3.4.3 Regeneration section or section layer -- 2.3.4.4 Physical layers -- 2.4 SDH/SONET Formats and Procedures -- 2.4.1 SDH/SONET Frame Structure -- 2.4.1.1 Containers as transport interfaces -- 2.4.1.2 Virtual containers or virtual tributaries -- 2.4.1.3 Tributary units and tributary unit groups -- 2.4.1.4 Administrative unit -- 2.4.2 Multiplexing Map -- 2.5 SDH Transport Services -- 2.6 Transporting PDH/T-Carrier Tributaries -- 2.6.1 Transport on VC-4 or STS-3c SPE -- 2.6.2 Transport on VC-3 -- 2.6.3 Transport of 2-Mbps Circuits -- 2.7 Pointers and Timing Compensation -- 2.7.1 Payload Synchronization -- 2.7.2 Pointer Formats and Procedures -- 2.7.2.1 Pointer Generation -- 2.8 Overheads -- 2.8.1 Path Overhead -- 2.8.2 Section Overhead -- 2.8.3 The SDH/SONET Hierarchy -- 2.9 Concatenation -- 2.9.1 Contiguous Concatenation of VC-4 -- 2.9.2 Virtual Concatenation -- 2.9.3 Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme -- 2.10 Maintenance -- 2.10.1 SDH/SONET Events -- 2.10.2 Monitoring Events -- 2.10.3 Event Tables -- 2.11 Performance Monitoring -- 2.11.1 Bit Error Checking -- 2.11.2 Tandem Connection Monitoring -- 2.11.3 Forward Error Correction -- 2.12 Defects -- 2.13 SDH Resilience -- 2.13.1 Protection Basics -- 2.13.2 Multiplex Section or Line Protection -- 2.13.2.1 VC path protection -- 2.13.2.2 Subnetwork connection protection -- 2.14 Operation, Administration, and Management -- 2.14.1 The TMN Standard -- 2.14.1.1 Central management -- 2.14.2 TMN Benefits -- 2.15 Next Generation SDH -- ATM Architectures -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Basic Principles of ATM -- 3.2.1 ATM Cell Format -- 3.2.2 Virtual Channels and Virtual Paths.

3.2.3 Basic Principles of ATM Switching -- 3.3 ATM Network Architecture -- 3.3.1 Introduction -- 3.3.2 AAL Layer -- 3.3.3 ATM Layer -- 3.3.3.1 ATM layer in terminal equipment -- 3.3.3.2 ATM layer in intermediate nodes, ATM switches -- 3.3.3.3 Virtual channel and virtual path connections -- 3.3.4 Physical Layer -- 3.3.4.1 Physical layer structure -- 3.3.4.2 Transmission medium data stream -- 3.4 ATM Adaptation Level Structures -- 3.4.1 AAL1 Format -- 3.4.1.1 Transmission of structured information -- 3.4.1.2 Transmission of timing information between both ends -- 3.4.2 AAL2 Format -- 3.4.3 AAL3/4 Format -- 3.4.4 AAL5 Format -- 3.5 Quality of Service -- 3.5.1 Traffic Characterization Parameters -- 3.5.1.1 CLP=0 and CLP=0+1 traffic -- 3.5.2 Negotiated QoS Parameters -- 3.5.3 Service Categories -- 3.5.3.1 CBR service category -- 3.5.3.2 Rt-VBR service category -- 3.5.3.3 Nrt-VBR service category -- 3.5.3.4 UBR service category -- 3.5.3.5 ABR service category -- 3.5.4 Traffic Contract -- 3.5.4.1 The service level agreement in ATM networks -- 3.6 Resource Management -- 3.6.1 Connection Admission Control -- 3.6.1.1 Connection process -- 3.6.2 UPC and NPC Policing Functions -- 3.6.2.1 UPC functionalities -- 3.6.2.2 Traffic control algorithms -- 3.6.3 Other Control Functions -- 3.6.3.1 Explicit rate -- 3.6.3.2 Explicit forward congestion indication (EFCI) -- 3.7 ATM in Access Networks -- 3.7.1 ATM as Transport in ADSL -- 3.7.1.1 Introduction -- 3.7.1.2 Internet access service -- 3.7.1.3 Other ADSL services -- 3.7.2 Wireless Local Loop -- 3.7.2.1 Network elements -- 3.7.2.2 Modulation techniques, multiple access, and multiplexing -- 3.7.2.3 Radio frequency planning -- 3.7.2.4 Architecture -- 3.7.2.5 Advantages -- 3.8 Conclusions -- ADSL Technology -- 4.1 The Origin of DSL Technologies -- 4.1.1 The Birth of DSL Technologies: HDSL.

4.1.2 New Modulation Technologies -- 4.1.3 Asymmetry -- 4.2 Reference Models -- 4.2.1 ADSL System -- 4.2.2 ADSL Transceivers -- 4.3 Framing -- 4.3.1 Data and Overhead Buffers -- 4.3.2 Superframes -- 4.4 Coding -- 4.4.1 Error Protection -- 4.4.2 Scrambling -- 4.4.3 Interleaving -- 4.5 Modulation -- 4.5.1 Organizing the Tones -- 4.5.2 Constellation Coders -- 4.5.3 DMT Modulation -- 4.5.4 Cyclic Prefix and Synchronization Symbol -- 4.6 Operation and Maintenance Channel (EOC) -- 4.6.1 EOC Message Format -- 4.6.2 EOC Commands -- 4.7 Initialization -- 4.7.1 Handshake -- 4.7.1.1 Format of information -- 4.7.1.2 Handshake transactions -- 4.7.2 Training -- 4.7.3 Analyzing the Channel -- 4.7.4 Exchanging Information -- Network Synchronization -- 5.1 Architecture of Synchronization Networks -- 5.1.1 Synchronization Network Topologies -- 5.2 Interconnection of Nodes -- 5.2.1 Synchronization Signals -- 5.2.1.1 Clock transfer across T-carrier/PDH networks -- 5.2.1.2 Clock transfer across SDH/SONET links -- 5.2.2 Holdover Mode -- 5.2.3 Global Positioning System -- 5.3 Disturbances in Synchronization Signals -- 5.3.1 Frequency Offset -- 5.3.1.1 Consequences of frequency offset in SDH/SONET -- 5.3.2 Phase Fluctuation -- 5.3.2.1 Jitter -- 5.3.2.2 Wander -- 5.4 Synchronization of Transmission Networks -- 5.4.1 Synchronization in SONET and SDH -- 5.4.1.1 SONET synchronization network -- 5.4.1.2 SDH synchronization network -- 5.4.2 Synchronization Models -- 5.4.3 Timing Loops -- 5.5 Digital Synchronization and Switching -- 5.6 SSU in a Synchronization Network -- 5.6.1 Functions of SSU -- Test and Measurement -- 6.1 Areas of Application for Test and Measurement -- 6.2 Tests in the Interfaces -- 6.2.1 Line Interfaces -- 6.2.2 Connection Modes in Electrical Interfaces -- 6.2.2.1 Termination -- 6.2.2.2 High impedance -- 6.2.2.3 Protected monitoring points.

6.2.3 Measurements in Electrical Interfaces -- 6.2.3.1 Analog interface -- 6.2.3.2 Digital interface -- 6.2.3.3 Specifications for electrical interfaces -- 6.2.4 Measurements in Optical Interfaces -- 6.2.4.1 Optical power and dynamic range -- 6.2.4.2 Measuring receiver sensitivity -- 6.2.4.3 Detecting optical overload -- 6.2.5 Measuring Frequency -- 6.3 In-Service and Out-of-Service Measurements -- 6.3.1 Bit Error Rate -- 6.3.2 Out-of-service Measurements -- 6.3.2.1 Test sequences and structures -- 6.3.2.2 OOS modes -- 6.3.3 In-Service Measurements -- 6.3.4 Connecting a Measurement Device for ISM -- 6.4 Synchronization of NE-Test Set in SDH -- SDH/SONET and PDH Roll-Out -- 7.1 Bit Error Rate Test -- 7.1.1 BERT of Virtual Container -- 7.1.2 Overhead Transparency Test -- 7.2 Stimulus-Response Tests -- 7.2.1 Preliminary Definitions -- 7.2.2 Line and Test Sequence Events -- 7.2.3 PDH Events -- 7.2.4 SDH/SONET Events -- 7.2.5 Interaction of Maintenance Signals -- 7.2.5.1 Fault conditions: Detection and response -- 7.3 Stress Tests -- 7.3.1 Introducing Frequency Offset -- 7.3.2 Generating Pointer Movements -- 7.4 Mux/Demux Tests -- 7.4.1 PDH Mux/Demux Test -- 7.4.2 SDH/SONET Mux/Demux Test -- 7.5 Measuring Round Trip Delay -- 7.6 APS Measurements -- 7.6.1 Network Security: Concept and Classification -- 7.6.2 Characterizing the Measurement -- 7.6.2.1 APS protocol in linear multiplexer section -- 7.6.2.2 APS protocol in multiplexer section in a ring -- 7.6.3 Measurement Procedure -- 7.6.3.1 MSSPRING architecture in a two fiber ring -- 7.6.3.2 Steps to follow -- 7.7 Performance Measurements -- 7.7.1 Introduction to G.821, G.826, and M.2100 -- 7.7.1.1 Concept and aims -- 7.7.1.2 Measurements in Line with G.821 -- 7.7.1.3 Measurements in line with G.826 -- 7.7.1.4 Measurements in line with M.2100 -- 7.7.2 Measurements in Line with G.821.

7.7.2.1 Area of application.