BILINGUALS: COGNITION, EDUCATIONAND LANGUAGE PROCESSING -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- CULTURAL AND LINGUISTIC INFLUENCEON DEVELOPMENTAL NEURAL BASIS OF THEORYOF MIND AND SELF-CONSTRUAL:WHORFIAN HYPOTHESIS REVISITED -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Non-universal ToM and Self-construal -- Japanese Self-construal -- Universal Neural Bases of ToM and Self construal -- Which Is More Involved in Universal ToM: Medial Prefrontal Cortex orTemporo-Parietal Junction? -- Culture Specific Roles of Neural Bases of ToM and Self construal -- Culture Dependent Roles of mPFC and TPJ in Perspective-Taking -- Do Neuroimaging Studies Support Theories of ToM Development? -- Neurological Evidence for/against Theories of ToM Development -- Modular ToM -- Theory-Theory ToM -- Simulation ToM -- Linguistic Determinism of ToM -- Language Regions and ToM -- Universal Developmental Mechanism of ToM -- Difference between Anglo-American Culture and Other Culturesin the Developmental Mechanism of ToM -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- LANGUAGE PROCESSING IN BIMODAL BILINGUALS -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction to the Chapter -- 2. Representation and Processing of Sign Languages -- 2.a. Structure of Sign Languages -- 2.b. Cognitive Representation of Sign Languages -- 2.c. Processing Patterns in Bimodal Bilinguals -- 3. Modeling Language Processing in Bimodal Bilinguals -- 3.a. Modeling Language Production in Bimodal Bilinguals -- 3.b. Modeling Language Perception in Bimodal Bilinguals -- Conclusions -- Author Note -- References -- PSYCHOLINGUISTIC ABILITIES AND PHONOLOGICALWORKING MEMORY IN BILINGUAL CHILDRENWITH SPECIFIC LANGUAGE IMPAIRMENT:A CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Basic Concepts and Types of Bilingualism -- 1.2. Cognitive Benefits of Bilingual Education -- 1.3. Bilingualism, Language Processes and Specific Language Impairment.

1.4. Purposes of the Research -- 2. Method -- 2.1. Participant Recruitment in U.S.A. and Spain -- 2.1.1. Recruitment of Spanish-English Bilingual Children -- 2.1.2. Recruitment of Spanish-Catalan Bilingual Children -- 2.2. Bilingual Testing of Children in U.S.A. and Spain -- 2.2.1. Bilingual Testing of Spanish-English Speaking Children -- 2.2.2. Bilingual Testing of Spanish-Catalan Speaking Children -- 2.3. Spanish/English Non-word Repetition Tasks and Bilingualism -- 3. Results -- 3.1. Psycholinguistic Abilities in Bilingual Children -- 3.2. Phonological Working Memory in Bilingual Children -- 3.3. Relation of Bilingual Children's Psycholinguistic Abilities toPhonological Working Memory -- 4. Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- 5. References -- PSYCHOLINGUISTIC CHALLENGES IN PROCESSINGTHE ARABIC LANGUAGE -- Abstract -- 1. Literacy and the Arabic Language -- 1.1. Review of Arabic Reading and Comprehension Research -- 1.2. Research on Bilingualism and Diglossia -- 1.2.1. Metalinguistic Ability, Bilingualism and Reading -- 1.3. Linguistic Considerations -- 1.3.1. Effects of Language Structure -- Orthography -- Morphology -- 1.3.2. Psycholinguistic Consideration -- 2. Neurolinguistic Basis of Processing Arabic -- 2.1. Arabic Language and Hemispheric Effects -- Conclusions -- References -- NEUROCOGNITIVE ASPECTS OF PROCESSINGARABIC AND HEBREW -- Abstract -- 1. The Neural Basis of Bilingualism -- 1.1. Arabic and Hebrew: Background and Characteristics -- 1.2. Case Report: M.H. -- 1.3. Case Report: M.M. -- 2. Higher Cognitive Functions in Processing Arabic and Hebrew -- 2.1. Orthographic Complexity -- 2.2. Word Morphology -- 2.3. Reading in the Nonnative Language -- Conclusion -- References -- VISUAL WORD ACCESS IN MONOLINGUALSAND BILINGUALS IN ENGLISH AND SPANISH -- Abstract -- Method -- Results -- Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- Appendix: Test Stimuli.

English Test Words -- Spanish Test Words -- References -- VOWELS IN SEMITIC ALPHABET LANGUAGES -- Abstract -- Theoretical Background -- The Role of Vowels in English Reading -- Characteristics of Arabic and Hebrew -- Phonological Processing -- Morphological Processing -- Statistical Data in Israel -- Research in Vowel Perception in Arabic and Hebrew -- Comparing Hebrew Orthography with Arabic Orthographies -- Educational Recommendations -- References -- METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES IN RESEARCHON BILINGUALISM AND MULTILINGUALISM -- Introduction -- 1. Why Care about Methodological Issues in Research onBilingual and Multilingual Language Processing? -- 2. Fundamental Methodological Issues to Be Considered inResearch on Bi- and Multilingualism -- 2.1. Issues Related to the Bi/Multilinguals' Individual Characteristics -- 2.1.1. Age and Form of L2 Acquisition -- 2.1.2. Chronological Age -- 2.1.3. Proficiency in the Four Linguistic Abilities (Reading, Writing, Speaking andListening) -- 2.1.4. Language Exposure and Use -- 2.1.5. Socio-cultural Aspects Related to the Bi/Multilingual Sample -- 2.1.6. General Cognitive Abilities Associated to Language Processing -- 2.2. Practical Issues in Implementing Data Collection -- Conclusions -- References -- BILINGUALISM AND HISPANIC AMERICANINTELLIGENCE TEST SCORES -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Defining Intelligence and Cognition -- Effect of Bilingualism on Cognition -- Positive Effect -- Negative Effect -- No Effect -- Methodological Factors in Bilingualism/Cognition Studies -- Data Set 1: Language Proficiency and WAIS-III Digit Span andMatrix Reasoning Subtest Scores in Bilingual, HispanicAmerican Adults -- Data Set 2: WISC-IV Subtest Scores and IQ Indices from aLanguage-Balanced Grouping of Bilingual Hispanic AmericanOlder Children -- Method -- Participants -- Measures -- Procedure and Data Analysis -- Results.

Discussion -- Conclusion -- Author Note -- References -- LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENTTHROUGH A BILINGUAL LENS -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Historical Context: Where Have We Come From? -- Contemporary Context: Where Are We Now? -- Where Are We Moving? -- Conclusion -- References -- IMPROVING READING SKILLS FOR ESL LEARNERSUSING SOUNDSPEL -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Method -- Participants -- Design -- Materials and Apparatus -- Procedure -- Results -- Tests -- Training -- Discussion -- Author Notes -- Appendix A. Excerpt of SoundSpel Version of a Passage Used inthe Experiment -- Appendix B. Preliminary Experiment -- Appendix C. Passage Read Aloud by Participants LearningSoundSpel System -- References -- A NOVEL TRANSLITERATION APPROACHIN AN ENGLISH-ARABIC CROSS LANGUAGEINFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM -- Abstract -- Introduction -- TNG Framework -- Architectural Model -- Query Processing -- Experimental Results -- Retrieval Performance -- Summary of Results -- Conclusion -- References -- METHODS FOR CROSS-LANGUAGEINFORMATION RETRIEVAL -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Matching Strategies -- 2.1. Matching Operation in CLIR -- 2.2. Query Translation and Document Translation -- 2.3. Interlingual Techniques -- 2.3.1. LSI-based Technique -- 2.3.2. Thesaurus-Based Techniques -- 2.4. Cognate Matching -- 2.4.1. Fuzzy Matching -- 2.4.2. Machine Transliteration -- 3. Translation Methods -- 3.1. MT and Dictionary-Based Methods -- 3.1.1. Machine Translation System -- 3.1.2. Dictionary-Based Methods -- 3.2. Parallel Corpora-Based Method -- 3.2.1. PRF-based Method Using Parallel Corpus -- 3.2.2. Estimation of Association between Terms -- 3.2.3. Estimation of Translation Probability -- 3.2.4. Availability of Parallel Corpus -- 3.3. Out-of-Vocabulary Problem -- 3.3.1. Detecting Unknown Translations from Web Documents -- 3.3.2. Combining Multiple Language Resources.

3.4. Pivot Language Approach -- 3.5. Translation Quality -- 4. Term Disambiguation Techniques -- 4.1. Translation Ambiguity -- 4.2. Use of Part-of-Speech Tags -- 4.3. Parallel Corpus-Based Methods -- 4.4. Disambiguation Based on Term Co-occurrence Statistics -- 4.4.1. Best Pairs Selection -- 4.4.2. Best Sequence Selection -- 4.4.3. Approximation for Best Sequence Selection -- 4.5. PRF-based Techniques for Disambiguation -- 4.6. Disambiguation for Phrasal Translation -- 4.7. Other Disambiguation Techniques -- 5. Formal Models for CLIR -- 5.1. Language Modeling for CLIR -- 5.2. Relevance Model -- 5.3. Hidden Markov Model for CLIR -- 5.4. Structured Query Model -- 6. Method for Multilingual Information Retrieval -- 6.1. Approaches to MLIR -- 6.2. Merging Technique -- 6.3. Searching Heterogeneous Collections -- 7. Concluding Remarks -- Appendix: IBM Model 1 -- References -- INDEX.