ARGININE AMINO ACID -- ARGININE AMINO ACID -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Analytical Methods of the Determination of Arginine Amino Acid -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Sources -- Dietary Sources -- Biosynthesis -- Functions and Importance of Arginine -- Methods of Analysis -- Liquid Chromatography -- Ion Exchange Separation -- Reverse-Phase Liquid Chromatography -- Gas Chromatography -- Capillary Electrophoresis -- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- Methodological Considerations Regarding the Quantification of L-Arginine in Biological Matrices -- Derivatization Reagents for LC Analysis -- Ninhydrin -- Dansyl Chloride -- Dabsyl Chloride -- 1-Fluoro-2, 4-Dinitrobenzene -- Phenylisothiocyanate -- Ortho-Phtaldehyde -- 9H-Fluoren-9-Ylmethyl Chloroformate -- Diethyl 2(Ethoxymethylidene)Propanedioate -- 6-Aminoquinolyl-N-Hydroxysuccinimidyl Carbamate -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 Alternative Metabolic Pathways of Arginine and their Pathophysiological Roles -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- Introduction - Arginine, a Functional Amino Acid with Several Metabolic Roles -- Nitric Oxide Synthase -- Arginase -- Alternative Pathways of Arginine Metabolism -- Inhibition of NOS and Arginase Isoforms -- NOS Inhibitors -- Arginase Inhibitors -- NOS Isoforms in Diseases -- The Involvement of NOS Isoforms in the Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome -- Nitric Oxide and Preeclampsia -- Arginase in Diseases -- Arginase in Cardiovascular Diseases -- Arginase in Pulmonary Hypertension -- Arginase in Silicosis -- Arginase in Asthma -- Arginase in other Disorders -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Free Amino Acid Analysis in Natural Matrices -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Essential Amino Acids -- Nonessential Amino Acids -- 1. Amino Acids Analysis -- 1.1. Derivatization -- Post-Column Derivatization -- Pre-Column Derivatization.

1.2. Separation -- High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) -- Mass Spectrometry (MS) -- Gas Chromatography (GC) -- Capillary Electrophoresis -- 2. Free Amino Acids in Natural Matrices -- 2.1. Wild Edible Mushroom Species -- 2.2. Brassica oleraceae var. costata DC (Tronchuda Cabbage) -- Internal Leaves -- External Leaves -- 2.3. Red Wine -- Dekkera bruxellensis -- Amino Acids Profile of Dão Red Wine and D. bruxellensis Effects -- 2.4. Quince (Cydonia oblonga Miller) Fruit and Jam -- Quince Fruit -- Quince Jam -- 2.5. Catharanthus roseus -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 Discovery of Argininosuccinate Synthetase and Argininosuccinate Lyase -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction to Arginine -- 2. History of Arginine Synthesis -- Step 1 -- Step 2 -- 3. The Biochemical Reactions of Arginine Synthesis -- Step 1 -- Step 2 -- Step 2 -- Step 1 -- Step 3 -- Step 1a -- Step 1b -- Step 1 -- Step 2 -- 4. Catalytic, Physical, and Immunological Properties of ASS -- Catalytic Properties -- Physical Properties -- Immunological Properties -- 5. Molecular Aspects of ASS -- 6. Catalytic, Physical, and Immunological Properties of ASL -- Catalytic and Immunological Properties -- Physical Properties -- Comparative Analyses -- 7. Molecular Aspects of ASL -- 8. Tissue Expression of ASS and ASL -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 Expression and Localization of Argininosuccinate Synthetase and Argininosuccinate Lyase in the Female and Male Rat Kidneys -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Material and Methods -- Animals -- Kidney Preparation and Dissection of the Renal Zones -- Protein Extraction and Western Blot Analyses -- Indirect Immunofluorescence -- Calculation and Statistical analyses -- Chemicals -- Results -- Regional Distribution of ASS Protein in the Rat Kidney -- Regional Expression of ASL Protein in the Rat Kidney.

Differential Expression of ASS and ASL in the Rat Kidney -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6 Chemical Structure and Toxicity in Arginine-Based Surfactants -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental Methods -- 2.1. Adsorption and Aggregation Properties -- 2.2. Red Blood Cell Assay -- 2.3. Citotoxicity Evaluation -- 3. Single Chain Arginine Surfactants -- 3.1. Adsorption and Aggregation Properties -- 3.2. Toxicity -- 4. Arginine-Based Gemini Surfactants -- 4.1. Adsorption and Aggregation Properties -- 4.2. Toxicity -- 4.2.1 Hemolysis and Potential Ocular Irritation -- 4.2.2 Cytotoxicity -- 5. Glycerolipid-Like Arginine Based Surfactants -- 5.1. Adsorption and Aggregation Properties -- 5.2. Toxicity -- 5.2.1. Hemolysis -- 5.2.2. Cytotoxicity -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 Arginine: Physico-Chemical Properties, Interactions with Ion-Exchange Membranes, Recovery and Concentration by Electrodialysis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 3.1. Arginine Sorption by Cation-Exchange Membranes -- 3.2. Hydration of Membranes, Saturated with Arginine -- 3.3. Recovery and Concentration of Arginine in an Electromembrane System -- Conclusion -- Note -- References -- Chapter 8 Central Functions of L-Arginine and its Metabolites for Stress Behavior -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Central Functions of L-Arginine, Nitric Oxide, Agmatine, L-Ornithine and L-Citrulline for Stress Behavior in Chicks -- 3. Central Functions of L-Proline for Stress Response in Chicks -- 4. Central Functions of L-Glutamate for Stress Response in Chicks -- 5. Central Functions of Polyamines for Stress Response in Chicks -- 6. Central Functions of Creatine for Stress Response in Chicks -- Acknowledgments -- References.

Chapter 9 Arginine Requirement and Metabolism in Marine Fish Larvae - Review of Recent Findings -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Amino Acid Requirements in Diplodus Sargus and Solea Senegalensis: Comparison of Arginine Levels in Larvae and Live Food -- 3. Metabolism of Arginine -- 4. Supplementation of Arginine in Long Term Trials -- Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 10 Arginine-Rich Cell-Penetrating Peptides in Cellular Internalization -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Preparations of Plasmids, Proteins, Peptides and Nanoparticles. -- Mammalian and Plant Cells -- Covalent Protein Transduction (CPT) in Plant Cells -- Noncovalent Protein Transduction (NPT) in Mammalian Cells -- Covalent and Noncovalent Protein Transductions (CNPT) in Mammalian Cells -- Fluorescent and Confocal Microscopy -- Results -- Covalent Protein Transduction (CPT) in Plant Cells -- Noncovalent Protein Transduction (NPT) in Mammalian Cells -- Covalent and Noncovalent Protein Transductions (CNPT) in Mammalian Cells -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 11 Effects of Deep Sea Water on Changes in Free Amino Acids and Tolerance to Fusarium Root Rot in Mycorrhizal Asparagus Plants -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- AMF Inoculation and Growing Plants -- Evaluation of AMF Colonization Level -- Determination of Free Amino Acids in Plants -- Inoculation with Fusarium Proliferatum -- Estimation of Symptoms of Fp -- Results -- Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12 Influence of Arginine-Containing Peptides on the Haemostasis System -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results -- Discussion -- References -- Chapter 13 Newly Identified Transcriptional Regulation by Mcm1p at ARG1 Promoter -- Abstract.

1. Recruitment of Mcm1p by Gcn4p at ARG1 -- 2. Promoter-Dependent Recruitment of Homodimeric Mcm1p By Activation Domain of Gcn4p -- 3. Collaborative Cooperation for Recruitment Between Mcm1p and Gcn4p At ARG1 -- 4. Mutagenesis of DNA Elements in ARG1 Promoter and Requirement of Mcm1p Binding Site for Gcn4p Recruitment -- 5. Contribution of Mcm1p for Recruitment of Co-Activator SWI/SNF -- 6. Requirement of Mcm1p Binding Site for Growth and ARG1 Transcription in Arginine Starvation -- 7. Additional Requirement of Gcn4p And Mm1p in Synthetic Defined Complete Medium Than in Synthetic Defined Minimal Medium During Arginine Starvation -- 8. Requirement of Mcm1p Binding Sites for Survival in the Absence of Arginine and Gcn4p -- 9. Regulation of Mcm1p Binding Site in ARC2 Through Excess Amino Acids Rather Than Arginine -- 10. Arginine-Dependent Subunit Assembly for Argr/Mcm1p Repressor at ARG1 -- 11. Directions and Applications for Future Work -- References -- Index -- Blank Page.