Table of Contents -- List of Illustrations -- Preface to the Fourth Edition -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction and Framework of the Study -- The Arab Uprisings of 2011: How Did We Get There? -- Cross-Regional Variation in the Arab Uprisings -- A Political Economy Framework -- The Three Pillars of the Framework: The State, the Economy, and Society -- Resource Endowments and Political Development -- Prolonged Discontent: Toward a Political Economy of the Arab Uprisings -- The Role of Political Islam in the Arab Uprisings -- Conclusions -- 2. Economic Performance and Social Outcomes -- Long-Term Growth with Modest Results -- Three Phases of Development -- The Inheritance from the Past: The Effects of Fiscal Retrenchment -- Social Outcomes -- Conclusions: Performance Since the Revolutions and the Economic Challenges Ahead -- 3. Political Regimes in the Middle East -- Economies, Political Regimes, and Governance in the Middle East -- The Historical Foundations of State-Building in the Middle East -- Political Regimes in the Post-Independence Middle East -- Conclusions -- 4. The Impact of Demographic Change -- Comparative Demographic Patterns -- The Economic Consequences of Demographic Change -- How Labor Markets Adjusted in the Face of Large Population Growth -- The Politics of Young Populations -- Conclusions -- 5. Human Capital: Health and Education -- Social Sectors and Social Services -- Health Conditions -- Educational Systems -- Conclusions -- 6. Water and Food Security -- The Food Gap -- Policy Constraints on Output Growth -- Water and the Imperative of a New Food Security Strategy -- Conclusions -- 7. The Rise and Fall of State-Led Development -- The State as Architect of Structural Transformation -- Ataturk and the Turkish Paradigm -- Replicating the Paradigm -- Contradictions of State-Led Growth -- The Resistance to Reforms.

Delaying Reforms and the Political Economy of Structural Adjustment -- Conclusions -- 8. Structural Adjustment and the Rise of Crony Capitalism -- The Washington Consensus -- Critics of the Washington Consensus and Alternatives Around the World -- The Development of Crony Capitalism in the Mena Region -- A Survey of Country Experiences -- Conclusions -- 9. The Effects of Oil on Development and the Rise of the Gulf Cooperation Council -- The Diverse Effects of Oil on Governance -- The Economics of Oil -- Conclusion: The Future of the GCC -- 10. War, Conflict, and th Military in the Middle East -- Military Spending and Development -- The Political and Economic Consequences of War and Militarization in the Middle East -- Political Settlements and the Military in the Middle East -- Conclusions -- 11. Solidarism and Its Enemies: Civil Society and Social Movements in the Middle East -- The Historical Record: Social Mobilization in the Middle East -- Mass Mobilization During the Arab Uprisings -- Formal and Informal Modes of Collective Action in the Middle East -- The Failure of Ideology -- Conclusions -- 12. Is Islam the Solution? -- Terminology and Typology -- Islamism as a Social Movement: Social Support Bases -- Islamism as a Social Movement: Collective Action -- Islamist Economic Thought and Practice -- Islamists in Power -- Conclusions -- 13. Regional and Global Economic Integration -- Trade In Goods and Services -- The Formation of Oil Prices -- Capital Movement -- Labor Migration -- The Impact of Labor Migration on Sending Countries -- Conclusions -- 14. Conclusion -- References -- Index.