Preface -- Contents -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Emergence of Nanotechnology -- 1.3. Bottom-Up and Top-Down Approaches -- 1.4. Challenges in Nanotechnology -- 1.5. Scope of the Book -- References -- 2. Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Surface Energy -- 2.3. Chemical Potential as a Function of Surface Curvature -- 2.4. Electrostatic Stabilization -- 2.4.1. Surface charge density -- 2.4.2. Electric potential at the proximity of solid surface -- 2.4.3. Van der Waals attraction potential -- 2.4.4. Interactions between two particles: DLVO theory -- 2.5. Steric Stabilization -- 2.5.1. Solvent and polymer -- 2.5.2. Interactions between polymer layers -- 2.5.3. Mixed steric and electric interactions -- 2.6. Summary -- References -- 3. Zero-Dimensional Nanostructures: Nanoparticles -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Nanoparticles through Homogeneous Nucleation -- 3.2.1. Fundamentals of homogeneous nucleation -- 3.2.2. Subsequent growth of nuclei -- 3.2.2.1. Growth controlled by diffusion -- 3.2.2.2. Growth controlled by surface process -- 3.2.3. Synthesis of metallic nanoparticles -- 3.2.3.1. Influences of reduction reagents -- 3.2.3.2. Influences by other factors -- 3.2.3.3. lnfluences of polymer stabilizer -- 3.2.4. Synthesis of semiconductor nanoparticles -- 3.2.5. Synthesis of oxide nanoparticles -- 3.2.5.1. Introduction to sol-gel processing -- 3.2.5.2. Forced hydrolysis -- 3.2.5.3. Controlled release of ions -- 3.2.6. Vapor phase reactions -- 3.2.7. Solid state phase segregation -- 3.3. Nanoparticles through Heterogeneous Nucleation -- 3.3.1. Fundamentals of heterogeneous nucleation -- 3.3.2. Synthesis of nanoparticles -- 3.4. Kinetically Confined Synthesis of Nanoparticles -- 3.4.1. Synthesis inside micelles or using microemulsions -- 3.4.2. Aerosol synthesis -- 3.4.3. Growth termination.

3.4.4. Spray pyrolysis -- 3.4.5. Template-based synthesis -- 3.5. Epitaxial Core-Shell Nanoparticles -- 3.6. Summary -- References -- 4. One-Dimensional Nanostructures: Nanowires and Nanorods -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Spontaneous Growth -- 4.2.1. Evaporation (dissolution)-condensation growth -- 4.2.1.1. Fundamentals of evaporation (dissolution)-condensation growth -- 4.2.1.2. Evaporation-condensation growth -- 4.2.1.3. Dissolution-condensation growth -- 4.2.2. Vapor (or solution)-liquid-solid (VLS or SLS) growth -- 4.2.2.1. Fundamental aspects of VLS and SLS growth -- 4.2.2.2. VLS growth of various nanowires -- 4.2.2.3. Control of the size of nanowires -- 4.2.2.4. Precursors and catalysts -- 4.2.2.5. SLS growth -- 4.2.3. Stress-induced recrystallization -- 4.3. Template-Based Synthesis -- 4.3.1. Electrochemical deposition -- 4.3.2. Electrophoretic deposition -- 4.3.3. Template filling -- 4.3.3.1. Colloidal dispersion filling -- 4.3.3.2. Melt and solution filling -- 4.3.3.3. Chemical vapor deposition -- 4.3.3.4. Deposition by centrifugation -- 4.3.4. Converting through chemical reactions -- 4.4. Electrospinning -- 4.5. Lithography -- 4.6. Summary -- References -- 5. Two-Dimensional Nanostructures: Thin Films -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Fundamentals of Film Growth -- 5.3. Vacuum Science -- 5.4. Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) -- 5.4.1. Evaporation -- 5.4.2. Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) -- 5.4.3. Sputtering -- 5.4.4. Comparison of evaporation and sputtering -- 5.5. Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) -- 5.5.1. Typical chemical reactions -- 5.5.2. Reaction kinetics -- 5.5.3. Transport phenomena -- 5.5.4. CVD methods -- 5.5.5. Diamond films by CVD -- 5.6. Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) -- 5.7. Superlattices -- 5.8. Self-Assembly -- 5.8.1. Monolayers of organosilicon or alkylsilane derivatives -- 5.8.2. Monolayers of alkanethiols and sulfides.

5.8.3. Monolayers of carboxylic acids, amines and alcohols -- 5.9. Langmuir-Blodgett Films -- 5.10. Electrochemical Deposition -- 5.11. Sol-Gel Films -- 5.12. Summary -- References -- 6. Special Nanomaterials -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Carbon Fullerenes and Nanotubes -- 6.2.1. Carbon fullerenes -- 6.2.2. Fullerene-derived crystals -- 6.2.3. Carbon nanotubes -- 6.3. Micro and Mesoporous Materials -- 6.3.1. Ordered mesoporous structures -- 6.3.2. Random mesoporous structures -- 6.3.3. Crystalline microporous materials: zeolites -- 6.4. Core-Shell Structures -- 6.4.1. Metal-oxide structures -- 6.4.2. Metal-polymer structures -- 6.4.3. Oxide-polymer structures -- 6.5. Organic-lnorganic Hybrids -- 6.5.1. Class I hybrids -- 6.5.2. Class II hybrids -- 6.6. Intercalation Compounds -- 6.7. Nanocomposites and Nanograined Materials -- 6.8. Summary -- References -- 7. Nanostructures Fabricated by Physical Techniques -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Lithography -- 7.2.1. Photolithography -- 7.2.2. Phase-shifting photolithography -- 7.2.3. Electron beam lithography -- 7.2.4. X-ray lithography -- 7.2.5. Focused ion beam (FIB) lithography -- 7.2.6. Neutral atomic beam lithography -- 7.3. Nanomanipulation and Nanolithography -- 7.3.1. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) -- 7.3.2. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) -- 7.3.3. Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) -- 7.3.4. Nanomanipulation -- 7.3.5. Nanolithography -- 7.4. Soft Lithography -- 7.4.1. Microcontact printing -- 7.4.2. Molding -- 7.4.3. Nanoimprint -- 7.4.4. Dip-pen nanolithography -- 7.5. Assembly of Nanoparticles and Nanowires -- 7.5.1. Capillary forces -- 7.5.2. Dispersion interactions -- 7.5.3. Shear force assisted assembly -- 7.5.4. Electric-field assisted assembly -- 7.5.5. Covalently linked assembly -- 7.5.6. Gravitational field assisted assembly -- 7.5.7. Template-assisted assembly.

7.6. Other Methods for Microfabrication -- 7.7. Summary -- References -- 8. Characterization and Properties of Nanomaterials -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Structural Characterization -- 8.2.1. X-ray diffraction (XRD) -- 8.2.2. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) -- 8.2.3. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) -- 8.2.4. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) -- 8.2.5. Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) -- 8.2.6. Gas adsorption -- 8.3. Chemical Characterization -- 8.3.1. Optical spectroscopy -- 8.3.2. Electron spectroscopy -- 8.3.3. Ionic spectrometry -- 8.4. Physical Properties of Nanomaterials -- 8.4.1. Melting points and lattice constants -- 8.4.2. Mechanical properties -- 8.4.3. Optical properties -- 8.4.3.1. Surface plasmon resonance -- 8.4.3.2. Quantum size effects -- 8.4.4. EIectrical conductivity -- 8.4.4.1. Surface scattering -- 8.4.4.2. Change of electronic structure -- 8.4.4.3. Quantum transport -- 8.4.4.4. Effect of microstructure -- 8.4.5. Ferroelectrics and dielectrics -- 8.4.6. Superparamagnetism -- 8.5. Summary -- References -- 9. Applications of Nanomaterials -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Molecular Electronics and Nanoelectronics -- 9.3. Nanobots -- 9.4. Biological Applications of Nanoparticles -- 9.5. Catalysis by Gold Nanoparticles -- 9.6. Band Gap Engineered Quantum Devices -- 9.6.1. Quantum well devices -- 9.6.2. Quantum dot devices -- 9.7. Nanomechanics -- 9.8. Carbon Nanotube Emitters -- 9.9. Photoelectrochemical Cells -- 9.10. Photonic Crystals and Plasmon Waveguides -- 9.10.1. Photonic crystals -- 9.10.2. Plasmon waveguides -- 9.11. Summary -- References -- Appendix -- 1. Periodic Table of the Elements -- 2. The International System of Units -- 3. List of Fundamental Physical Constants -- 4. The 14 Three-Dimensional Lattice Types -- 5. The Electromagnetic Spectrum -- 6. The Greek Alphabet -- Index.