Cover -- Website: Evidence-Based Medicine Series -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Dedication -- About the Authors -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Section 1: The Science of Diagnostic Testing and Clinical Decision Rules -- Chapter 1: Diagnostic Testing in Emergency Care -- References -- Additional Reading -- Chapter 2: Evidence-Based Medicine: The Process -- References -- Additional Reading -- Chapter 3: The Epidemiology and Statistics of Diagnostic Testing -- The 2 × 2 table -- Sensitivity and specificity -- Incidence and prevalence -- Predictive values -- Integrating concepts -- Using 2 × 2 tables: an example -- Odds, probability, and the odds ratio -- Likelihood ratios and interval likelihood ratios -- Using odds, probabilities, and likelihood ratios: an example -- Bayes theorem -- Confidence intervals -- Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves -- References -- Additional Reading -- Chapter 4: Clinical Decision Rules -- The clinical decision rule development process -- References -- Additional Reading -- Chapter 5: Appropriate Testing in an Era of Limited Resources: Practice and Policy Considerations -- Impact of diagnostic testing on healthcare expenditures -- Downstream costs of diagnostic testing -- Variation in testing and inappropriate testing -- Causes of inappropriate testing -- Improving appropriateness in diagnostic testing: practice considerations -- Health policy considerations -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 6: Understanding Bias in Diagnostic Research -- Types of bias -- Moving Beyond Bias to Effectiveness -- References -- Section 2: Trauma -- Chapter 7: Cervical Spine Fractures -- Background -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Comment -- References -- Chapter 8: Cervical Spine Fractures in Children -- Background -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Comment.

References -- Chapter 9: Cervical Spine Fractures in Older Adults -- Background -- Clinical question -- Comments -- References -- Chapter 10: Blunt Abdominal Trauma -- Background -- Clinical questions -- Clinical question -- Comment -- References -- Chapter 11: Acute Knee Injuries -- Background -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Comment -- References -- Chapter 12: Acute Ankle and Foot Injuries -- Background -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Comment -- References -- Chapter 13: Blunt Head Injury in Children -- Background -- Clinical question -- Comments -- References -- Chapter 14: Blunt Head Injury -- Background -- Clinical question -- Comments -- References -- Chapter 15: Blunt Chest Trauma -- Background -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Comment -- References -- Chapter 16: Occult Hip Fracture -- Background -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Comment -- References -- Chapter 17: Blunt Soft Tissue Neck Trauma -- Background -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Comments -- References -- Chapter 18: Occult Scaphoid Fractures -- Background -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Comments -- References -- Chapter 19: Penetrating Abdominal Trauma -- Background -- Clinical question -- Comment -- References -- Chapter 20: Penetrating Trauma to the Extremities and Vascular Injuries -- Background -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Comments -- References -- Section 3: Cardiology -- Chapter 21: Heart Failure -- Background -- Clinical question -- Comment -- References -- Chapter 22: Syncope -- Background -- Clinical question -- Comment -- References -- Chapter 23: Acute Coronary Syndrome -- Background -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Comments -- References -- Chapter 24: Palpitations.

Background -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Comment -- References -- Section 4: Infectious Disease -- Chapter 25: Bacterial Meningitis in Children -- Background -- Clinical question -- Comment -- References -- Chapter 26: Serious Bacterial Infections in Children Aged 1-3 Months -- Background -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Comment -- References -- Chapter 27: Necrotizing Fasciitis -- Background -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Comment -- References -- Chapter 28: Infective Endocarditis -- Background -- Clinical question -- Comment -- References -- Chapter 29: Pharyngitis -- Background -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Comment -- References -- Chapter 30: Rhinosinusitis -- Background -- Clinical question -- Comment -- References -- Chapter 31: Pneumonia -- Background -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Comment -- References -- Chapter 32: Urinary Tract Infection -- Background -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Comment -- References -- Chapter 33: Sepsis -- Background -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Comment -- References -- Chapter 34: Septic Arthritis -- Background -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Comment -- References -- Chapter 35: Osteomyelitis -- Background -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Comment -- References -- Chapter 36: Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) -- Background -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Comment -- References -- Chapter 37: Influenza -- Background -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Comment -- References -- Chapter 38: Pediatric Fever in Children Aged 3-36 Months -- Background -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Comment -- References -- Section 5: Surgical and Abdominal Complaints -- Chapter 39: Acute, Nonspecific, Nontraumatic Abdominal Pain.

Background -- Clinical question -- Comment -- References -- Chapter 40: Small Bowel Obstruction -- Background -- Clinical question -- Comment -- References -- Chapter 41: Acute Pancreatitis -- Background -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Comments -- References -- Chapter 42: Acute Appendicitis -- Background -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Comment -- References -- Chapter 43: Acute Cholecystitis -- Background -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Comments -- References -- Chapter 44: Aortic Emergencies -- Background -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Comment -- References -- Chapter 45: Ovarian Torsion -- Background -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Comment -- References -- Section 6: Urology -- Chapter 46: Nephrolithiasis -- Background -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Comment -- References -- Chapter 47: Testicular Torsion -- Background -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Comment -- References -- Section 7: Neurology -- Chapter 48: Nontraumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage -- Background -- Clinical question -- Comment -- References -- Chapter 49: Acute Stroke -- Background -- Clinical question -- Comment -- References -- Chapter 50: Transient Ischemic Attack -- Background -- Clinical question -- Comment -- References -- Chapter 51: Seizure -- Background -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Comment -- References -- Section 8: Miscellaneous: Hematology, Ophthalmology, Pulmonology, Rheumatology, and Geriatrics -- Chapter 52: Venous Thromboembolism -- Background -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Comment -- References -- Chapter 53: Temporal Arteritis -- Background.

Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Comments -- References -- Chapter 54: Intraocular Pressure -- Background -- Clinical question -- Comments -- References -- Chapter 55: Asthma -- Background -- Clinical question -- Comments -- References -- Chapter 56: Nontraumatic Back Pain -- Background -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Comment -- References -- Chapter 57: Intravascular Volume Status -- Background -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Comment -- References -- Chapter 58: Geriatric Syndromes -- Background -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Clinical question -- Comment -- References -- Index.