Cover -- Half-title -- Series-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Figures -- Tables -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- CHAPTER ONE Introduction -- A précis of aims and findings -- Description of the study design -- Sex differences in the amount of antisocial behaviour -- Sex differences in the developmental course of antisocial behaviour -- Testing for sex differences in developmental processes -- Possible causes of sex differences in antisocial behaviour -- Disorders that are comorbid with antisocial behaviour -- Sex-typed adult developmental outcomes -- Three diagnostic hypotheses regarding sex differences in antisocial behaviour -- Synthesis and recommendations for future research -- CHAPTER TWO The Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study -- Description of the research sample and Study design -- Sample -- Assessment procedures -- Structure of the data set for measuring antisocial behaviours -- Sample attrition and missing data -- The New Zealand research setting -- Social context -- ETHNIC DIVERSITY -- URBANIZATION AND POPULATION DENSITY -- AGE DISTRIBUTION -- STANDARD OF LIVING -- UNEMPLOYMENT -- FAMILY COMPOSITION -- Comparison of behavioural problems in New Zealand and other countries -- Comparison of this cohort versus other historical periods -- CHAPTER THREE Sex differences in the amount of antisocial behaviour: dimensional measures -- A. SEX DIFFERENCES IN MEAN LEVELS OF ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOUR -- Method -- Measures -- PARENT REPORTS OF ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOUR -- TEACHER REPORTS OF ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOUR -- SELF-REPORTS OF ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOUR -- INFORMANT REPORTS OF ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOUR -- Data analysis approach -- Results -- Comment: cross-national replication -- B. SEX DIFFERENCES IN OFFICIAL RECORDS OF OFFENDING -- Method -- Measures -- YOUTH AID POLICE RECORDS -- COURT RECORDS -- COST OF CRIME.

MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT RECORDS -- Data analysis approach -- Results -- Comment: bias in official statistics? -- C. SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE FREQUENCY OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF OFFENCES -- Method -- Measures -- TYPES OF OFFENCES -- Data analysis approach -- Results -- Comment: sex similarity on drug and alcohol offences -- Comment: the concentration of crime -- Take-home messages -- Unanswered questions -- CHAPTER FOUR Sex differences in the prevalence of antisocial behaviour: categorical diagnostic measures -- Methods -- Measures -- Data analysis approach -- Results -- Prevalence rates of conduct disorder at each study phase -- Comment: the consequences of diagnostic cut-offs for the sex ratio -- Comment: lifetime diagnoses of conduct disorder -- Comment: the peri-pubertal period is a special risk period for girls' conduct disorder -- Comment: precocious puberty and adolescent girls' antisocial behaviour -- Take-home messages -- Unanswered questions -- CHAPTER FIVE Sex differences in physical violence and sex similarities in partner abuse -- Methods -- Measures -- PARENT REPORTS OF FIGHTING -- TEACHER REPORTS OF FIGHTING -- SELF-REPORTS OF VIOLENT DELINQUENT OFFENDING -- INFORMANT REPORTS OF FIGHTING -- COURT CONVICTIONS FOR VIOLENT OFFENCES -- VIOLENCE AGAINST A PARTNER -- Data analysis approach -- Results -- General violence -- Partner violence -- Comment: the study of partner violence is critical to understanding antisocial behaviour in both sexes -- CHALLENGE ONE: ARE THE DATA ON FEMALE PARTNER VIOLENCE REALLY VALID? -- CHALLENGE TWO: IS WOMEN'S PARTNER VIOLENCE MOTIVATED BY SELF-DEFENCE? -- CHALLENGE THREE: IS WOMEN'S VIOLENCE AGAINST MEN CONSEQUENTIAL, OR TRIVIAL? -- CONCLUSION -- Take-home messages -- Unanswered questions -- CHAPTER SIX Sex and the developmental stability of antisocial behaviour -- A. CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN CONDUCT DISORDER.

Methods -- Measures -- Data analysis approach -- Results -- B. THE STABILITY OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOUR -- Methods -- Measures -- Data analysis approach -- Results -- Comment: the stability of antisocial behaviour is stronger than it looks here -- Take-home messages -- Unanswered question -- CHAPTER SEVEN Sex and the age of onset of delinquency and conduct disorder -- Method -- Measures -- Data analysis approach -- Results -- Comment: estimates of age of onset depend on the source of data -- Comment: adult on-set antisocial behaviour is extremely rare -- Comment: sex differences in age of onset depend on the type of crime -- Comment: sex similarity in onset among those who do onset -- Comment: caveats and conclusions -- Take-home messages -- Unanswered questions -- CHAPTER EIGHT Sex effects in risk predictors for antisocial behaviour: are males more vulnerable than females to risk … -- Method -- The dependent variable: a composite measure of adolescent antisocial behaviour -- The risk predictors -- METERNAL RISK PREDICTORS -- FAMILY RISK PREDICTORS -- CHILD NEURO-COGNITIVE RISK PREDICTORS -- CHILD BEHAVIOURAL RISK PREDICTORS -- PEER-RELATIONSHIPS RISK PREDICTORS -- Data analysis approach -- Results -- Maternal risk predictors -- Family risk predictors -- Neuro-cognitive risk predictors -- Behavioural risk predictors -- Peer-relationships risk factors -- Comment: are males more vulnerable than females to risk factors for antisocial behaviour? -- Comment: how much variation in adolescent antisocial behaviour is explained by cumulative childhood risk? -- Take-home messages -- Unanswered question -- CHAPTER NINE Sex effects in risk predictors for antisocial behaviour: are males exposed to more risk factors for … -- Method -- Measures -- Data analysis procedure -- Results.

Comparing boys and girls on the mean levels of risk factors -- Do sex differences in risk levels account for the sex difference in antisocial outcome? -- Comment: why do risk measures explain only half of the sex difference in antisocial outcome? -- Comment: the importance of hyperactivity and peers for the sex difference in antisocial behaviour -- Comment: family adversity risk factors do not account for sex differences in antisocial behaviour -- Take-home messages -- Unanswered questions -- CHAPTER TEN Can sex differences in personality traits help to explain sex differences in antisocial behaviour? -- Method -- Measures of personality -- Measures of antisocial behaviour -- A. ARE THE CORRELATIONS BETWEEN PERSONALITY AND ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOUR THE SAME FOR MALES AND FEMALES? -- Data analysis approach -- Results -- B. HOW ARE THE PERSONALITIES OF MALES AND FEMALES DIFFERENT? -- Data analysis approach -- Results -- C. DO SEX DIFFERENCES IN PERSONALITY ACCOUNT FOR SEX DIFFERENCES IN ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOUR? -- Data analysis approach -- Results -- Comment: implications of sex differences in personality for the study of antisocial behaviour -- Take-home messages -- Unanswered questions -- CHAPTER ELEVEN Sex and comorbidity: are there sex differences in the co-occurrence of conduct disorder and other disorders? -- A. THE LIFETIME COMORBIDITY OF CONDUCT DISORDER: ANALYZING DIAGNOSTIC CATEGORIES -- Measures -- LIFETIME DIAGNOSES OF CONDUCT DISORDER -- COGNITIVE MENTAL DISORDERS -- BEHAVIOURAL AND EMOTIONAL DISORDERS -- Data analysis approach -- Results -- B. CROSS-AGE COMPARISONS OF COMORBIDITY WITH CONDUCT DISORDER: ANALYSING CONTINUOUS SYMPTOM SCALES -- Measures -- ADOLESCENT ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOUR -- SYMPTOM SCALES FOR DIFFERENT 'DISORDER FAMILIES' -- Data analysis approach -- Results.

C. DOES A SPECIAL RELATION BETWEEN ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOUR AND DEPRESSION EMERGE WITH AGE AMONG FEMALES? -- Measures -- Data analysis approach -- Results -- Comment: whither the depression of women with a history of conduct problems? -- Take-home messages -- Unanswered questions -- CHAPTER TWELVE Do girls who develop antisocial behaviour surmount a higher threshold of risk than their male counterparts? -- Method -- Measures -- Data analysis approach -- Results -- Comment: resolving our disconfirmation of the threshold hypothesis with the prior literature -- Take-home messages -- CHAPTER THIRTEEN Sex differences in the effects of antisocial behaviour on young adult outcomes -- Methods -- Predictor variables -- Outcome measures -- MEASURES OF EDUCATION BY AGE 21 -- MEASURES OF WORK BY AGE 21 -- ESTABLISHING ONE'S OWN HOME BY AGE 21 -- MEASURES OF RELATIONSHIP WITH A PARTNER -- MEASURES OF MENTAL HEALTH AT AGE 21 -- MEASURES OF PHYSICAL HEALTH AT AGE 21 -- MEASURES OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE AT AGE 21 -- MEASURES OF ATTITUDES ABOUT CRIME AND CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR -- Data analysis approach -- Results -- Overview -- Comment: educational attainment -- Comment: work patterns -- Comment: living arrangements and patterns of union formation -- Comment: mental and physical health -- Comment: substance abuse and dependence -- Comment: attitudes and experiences related to adult crime -- Comment: interpreting gendered outcomes in a life-course perspective -- Comment: foretelling the future -- Take-home messages -- Unanswered questions -- CHAPTER FOURTEEN Sex, antisocial behaviour, and mating: mate selection and early childbearing -- The Partners Study -- Sample -- Measures -- ADOLESCENT ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOUR -- PARTNERS' SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS -- THE PARTNERS' ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOURS AND ATTITUDES -- PARTNERS' PERSONALITY -- Data analysis approach -- Results.

Comment: the intra-generational implications of assortative mating for antisocial behaviour.