Forword -- Contributors -- Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction - Pharmacotherapeutics in medical disorders -- 2 Dermatology -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Skin Infections and Infestations -- 2.2.1 Bacterial infections -- 2.2.2 Viral infections -- 2.2.3 Fungal infections -- 2.2.4 Infestations -- 2.3 Dermatitis -- 2.3.1 Nonallergic dermatitis -- 2.3.2 Allergic dermatitides -- 2.3.3 Idiopathic dermatitides -- 2.4 Hypersensivity -- 2.4.1 Urticaria -- 2.4.2 Erythema multiforme -- 2.4.3 Drug eruptions -- 2.5 Miscellaneous Skin Conditions -- 2.5.1 Acne vulgaris -- 2.5.2 Nevi -- 2.5.3 Papulosquamous disorders -- 2.6 Dermatologic manifestations of systematic disorders -- 2.6.1 Pruritus without rash -- 2.6.2 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) -- 2.6.3 Erythema nodosum -- 2.6.4 Pyoderma gangrenosum -- 2.6.5 Less common skin manifestations -- 2.6.6 Management -- 2.7 Collagen Vascular Disease -- 2.7.1 Lupus erythematosus (LE) -- 2.7.2 Dermatomyositis -- 2.7.3 Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) -- 2.7.4 Management -- 2.8 Endocrinologic Disorders -- 2.8.1 Thyroid disorders -- 2.8.2 Diabetes mellitus -- 2.8.3 Adrenal disorders -- 2.8.4 Management -- 2.9 Hair and Nails -- 2.9.1 Alopecia areata -- 2.9.2 Management of alopecia areata -- 2.9.3 Telogen effluvium -- 2.9.4 Androgenic alopecia -- 2.9.5 Trichotillomania -- 2.9.6 Traction alopecia -- 2.9.7 Hirsutism and hypertrichosis -- 2.9.8 Hair changes with systemic disease -- 2.9.9 Infection -- 2.9.10 Herpetic whitlow -- 2.9.11 Bacterial -- 2.9.12 Ingrown nail -- 2.9.13 Fungal -- 2.9.14 Onychodystrophy -- 2.9.15 Nail changes with systemic and nutritional disorders -- 2.10 Summary -- 3 Disorders of the endocrine system -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Thyroid Hormone Disorders -- 3.2.1 Hypothyroidism -- 3.2.2 Hyperthyroidism -- 3.3 Central Diabetes Insipidus (DI) -- 3.4 Adrenal Gland Disorders.

3.4.1 Hypoadrenocorticism -- 3.4.2 Hyperadrenocorticism -- 3.5 Disorders of Vitamin D, Calcium Metabolism, and Parathyroid Hormone -- 3.5.1 Rickets -- 3.5.2 Hypocalcemia -- 3.5.3 Hypercalcemia -- 3.6 Disorders of Pubertal Development -- 3.6.1 Normal pubertal development in girls -- 3.6.2 Gonadotropin-independent or peripheral precocious puberty (PPP) -- 3.6.3 Delayed puberty -- 3.7 Growth Disorders -- 3.7.1 Short stature -- 3.7.2 Tall stature -- 3.8 Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) -- 3.9 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) -- 3.9.1 Epidemiology -- 3.9.2 Etiopathogenesis -- 3.9.3 Clinical presentation -- 3.9.4 Diagnostic criteria -- 3.9.5 Management -- 3.10 Conclusions -- 4 Neurologic disorders -- 4.1 Epilepsy -- 4.1.1 Epidemiology -- 4.1.2 Classification -- 4.1.3 Differential diagnosis -- 4.1.4 Management -- 4.1.5 Seizure prophylaxis -- 4.1.6 Medications commonly used for focal epilepsy -- 4.1.7 Acute seizure management for status epilepticus -- 4.2 Headaches -- 4.2.1 Epidemiology -- 4.2.2 Headache classification -- 4.2.3 Management -- 4.3 Tic disorders -- 4.3.1 Epidemiology -- 4.3.2 Differential diagnosis/diagnostic evaluation -- 4.3.3 Treatment -- 4.4 Tremor -- 4.4.1 Epidemiology -- 4.4.2 Differential diagnosis -- 4.5 Conclusions -- 5 Gastrointestinal disorders -- 5.1 Irritable bowel syndrome -- 5.1.1 Epidemiology -- 5.1.2 Differential diagnosis -- 5.1.3 Management -- 5.2 Constipation -- 5.2.1 Epidemiology -- 5.2.2 Differential diagnosis -- 5.2.3 Management -- 5.3 Gastroesophageal reflux disease -- 5.3.1 Epidemiology -- 5.3.2 Differential diagnosis -- 5.3.3 Management -- 5.4 Eosinophilic esophagitis -- 5.4.1 Epidemiology -- 5.4.2 Differential diagnosis -- 5.4.3 Management -- 5.5 Celiac disease -- 5.5.1 Epidemiology -- 5.5.2 Differential diagnosis -- 5.5.3 Management -- 5.6 Inflammatory bowel disease -- 5.6.1 Epidemiology.

5.6.2 Differential diagnosis -- 5.6.3 Management -- 5.7 Hepatitis -- 5.7.1 Epidemiology -- 5.7.2 Differential diagnosis -- 5.7.3 Management -- 5.8 Pancreatitis -- 5.8.1 Epidemiology -- 5.8.2 Differential diagnosis -- 5.8.3 Management -- 5.9 Conclusions -- 6 Adolescent hematology -- 6.1 Anemia -- 6.1.1 Mechanism of anemia -- 6.1.2 Clinical evaluation -- 6.1.3 Causes of Anemia -- 6.2 Hemoglobinopathies -- 6.2.1 Sickle cell disease (SCD) -- 6.2.2 Thalassemia -- 6.3 Disorders of neutrophils -- 6.3.1 Mechanism -- 6.3.2 Management of neutropenia -- 6.3.3 Specific treatment -- 6.4 Disorders of platelets -- 6.4.1 Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) -- 6.4.2 Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) -- 6.4.3 Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) -- 6.4.4 Disorders of hemostasis -- 6.4.5 Thrombotic disorders and thrombophilia -- 6.5 Summary -- 7 Pharmacotherapeutics of cancer in adolescents -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Etiology and risk factors -- 7.1.2 Diagnosis and treatment -- 7.1.3 Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) -- 7.2 Lymphoma -- 7.2.1 Hodgkin's disease (HD) -- 7.2.2 Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma -- 7.3 The leukemias -- 7.3.1 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) -- 7.3.2 Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) -- 7.4 Osteogenic sarcoma (osteosarcoma) -- 7.5 Ewing's sarcoma -- 7.6 Brain tumors -- 7.7 Germ cell tumors -- 7.8 Late effects -- 7.9 Summary -- 8 Sleep disorders in adolescents -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Sleep evaluation -- 8.2 Insomnia -- 8.2.1 Management -- 8.2.2 Excessive daytime sleepiness -- 8.3 Narcolepsy -- 8.3.1 Excessive daytime sleepiness -- 8.3.2 Other features of narcolepsy -- 8.4 Restless legs syndrome (RLS) -- 8.5 Klein-Levin syndrome -- 8.6 Sleep-disordered breathing -- 8.7 Enuresis -- 8.8 Parasomnias -- 8.9 Summary -- 9 Concepts of hypertension -- 9.1 Introduction.

9.2 Measurement of blood pressure in children and adolescents -- 9.3 Causes of hypertension in children and adolescents -- 9.4 Evaluation of the hypertensive adolescent -- 9.5 Management of hypertension in adolescents -- 9.6 Pharmacologic treatment of hypertension in adolescents -- 9.7 Pregnancy -- 9.8 Summary -- 10 Pediatric cardiology -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Dyslipidemias -- 10.3 Lipid metabolism -- 10.3.1 Enzymes and cellular receptors associated with lipid metabolism -- 10.4 Familial hypercholesterolemias -- 10.5 Secondary hyperlipidemia -- 10.5.1 Management -- 10.5.2 Anticoagulants -- 10.6 Syncope -- 10.6.1 Management -- 10.7 Cardiac evaluation for ADHD medication -- 10.8 Conclusions -- 11 Pulmonary disorders -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Community-acquired pneumonia -- 11.2.1 Epidemiology -- 11.2.2 Diagnosis -- 11.2.3 Pharmacologic management -- 11.3 Cystic fibrosis -- 11.3.1 Epidemiology -- 11.3.2 Differential diagnosis -- 11.3.3 Pharmacologic management -- 11.3.4 Management of chronic cystic fibrosis -- 11.4 Asthma -- 11.4.1 Epidemiology -- 11.4.2 Differential diagnosis -- 11.4.3 Pharmacological management -- 11.5 Conclusions -- 12 Musculoskeletal disorders and sports injuries -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Salicylated NSAIDs -- 12.3 Nonsalicylated NSAIDs -- 12.3.1 Side effects of nonsalicylated NSAIDs -- 12.3.2 Drug interactions -- 12.3.3 Efficacy of NSAIDs in musculoskeletal injuries -- 12.4 Use and abuse of analgesics -- 12.5 Conclusions -- 13 Concepts of rheumatoid disorders -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.1.1 Symptomatology -- 13.1.2 RD studies -- 13.2 Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) -- 13.2.1 Differential diagnosis -- 13.2.2 JIA complications -- 13.2.3 JIA Management -- 13.3 RD medication: general considerations -- 13.3.1 Analgesics -- 13.3.2 Corticosteroids.

13.3.3 Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDS) -- 13.3.4 Cytotoxic agents -- 13.3.5 Biological response modifiers -- 13.4 Management of spondyloarthropathies -- 13.5 Management miscellaneous RD and related disorders -- 13.6 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) -- 13.6.1 Clinical features -- 13.6.2 Management -- 13.7 Conclusions -- 14 Concepts of metabolic disorders -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Incidence -- 14.3 Presentation -- 14.3.1 Mental subnormality -- 14.3.2 Phenylketonuria (PKU) -- 14.3.3 Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) -- 14.3.4 Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) -- 14.3.5 Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) -- 14.3.6 Refsum's disease -- 14.3.7 Glycogen storage disease type I -- 14.3.8 Glycogen storage disease type II -- 14.3.9 Gaucher's disease -- 14.3.10 Nieman-Pick disease (NPD) -- 14.3.11 Late-onset GM1 gangliosidosis -- 14.3.12 Late-onset GM2 gangliosidosis -- 14.3.13 Fabry disease -- 14.3.14 Alpha-mannosidosis -- 14.3.15 Late-onset urea cycle disorders -- 14.3.16 Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency -- 14.3.17 Alkaptonuria -- 14.3.18 Sanfillipo disease -- 14.3.19 Homocystinuria -- 14.3.20 Cystinuria -- 14.3.21 Wilson's Disease -- 14.4 Conclusions -- 15 The kidney -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.1.1 Some definitions -- 15.2 Urinary tract infection -- 15.2.1 Epidemiology -- 15.2.2 Etiology -- 15.2.3 Diagnosis -- 15.2.4 Management -- 15.3 Bacteriuria -- 15.4 Proteinuria -- 15.4.1 Quantification of proteinuria -- 15.4.2 Orthostatic proteinuria -- 15.4.3 Laboratory studies -- 15.5 Nephrotic syndrome -- 15.5.1 Etiology -- 15.5.2 Minimal Change disease (MCD) -- 15.5.3 Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis -- 15.5.4 Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) -- 15.5.5 Membranous nephropathy -- 15.5.6 Management of nephrotic syndrome -- 15.6 Diabetic nephropathy -- 15.7 Hematuria -- 15.7.1 Etiology -- 15.7.2 Diagnosis.

15.7.3 Laboratory studies.