Cover -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Rubber - An Overview -- 2.1 The Origins of Polymer Science -- 2.2 The Polymerisation Process -- 2.3 Developments in Synthetic Rubber -- 2.4 Vulcanisation -- 2.5 Range of Rubbers -- References -- 3 Rubber Lining for Corrosion Protection in the Chemical Industry -- 3.1 Types of Corrosion -- 3.1.1 Uniform Attack -- 3.1.2 Galvanic Corrosion -- 3.1.3 Crevice Corrosion -- 3.1.4 Pitting -- 3.1.5 Intergranular Corrosion -- 3.1.6 Selective Leaching -- 3.1.7 Erosion Corrosion -- 3.1.8 Stress Corrosion -- 3.2 The Fertiliser Industry -- 3.3 Power Plants -- 3.4 Treatment of Ores -- 3.5 The Chlor-Alkali Industry -- 3.6 Mercury Cells in the Caustic Soda Industry -- 3.6.1 Flexible Cell Covers in the Caustic Soda Industry -- 3.7 The Steel Industry -- 3.8 The Transport Industry -- 3.9 The Electroplating Industry -- 3.10 The Fluorine Industry -- 3.11 The Explosives Industry -- 3.12 The Pulp and Paper Industries -- 3.13 The Ore and Mining Industries -- References -- 4 Choice of Rubber Compounds for the Ore and Mining Industries -- 4.1 Conveyor Systems -- 4.2 Slurry Transportation -- 4.3 The Future of Hydraulic Transportation of Solids -- 4.4 Abrasion Resistance -- 4.4.1 Feed Launders for Hindustan Dorr-Oliver Ltd -- 4.4.2 Acid Handling Bins for Ceylon Mineral Sands Corporation, Sri Lanka -- 4.4.3 Regrinding Ball Mill in the Copper Project at Khetri in Rajasthan, India -- 4.4.4 Pipes, Launders and Chutes in an Iron Ore Mining Project -- 4.4.5 Rotary Vacuum Drum Filters -- 4.5 Spherical Digesters in a Chlor-alkali Plant -- 4.6 Dry Abrasive Conditions -- 4.7 Wet Abrasive Conditions -- References -- 5 Raw Materials for Rubber Lining -- 5.1 Natural Rubber -- 5.2 Synthetic Rubbers -- 5.2.1 Polyisoprene Rubber -- 5.2.2 Polybutadiene Rubber -- 5.2.3 Butyl Rubber -- 5.2.4 Ethylene Propylene Rubber.

5.2.5 Chloroprene Rubber -- 5.2.6 Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene Rubbers -- 5.2.7 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubbers -- 5.2.8 Styrene-Butadiene Rubbers -- 5.3 Vulcanising and Curing Agents -- 5.4 Materials for Reinforcement -- 5.4.1 Carbon Blacks -- 5.4.2 China Clay -- 5.4.3 Talc -- 5.4.4 Titanium Dioxide -- 5.4.5 Zinc Oxide -- 5.4.6 Lithopone -- 5.4.7 Litharge -- 5.4.8 Antimony Trioxide -- 5.4.9 Zinc Stearate -- 5.5 Plasticisers, Softeners and Extenders -- 5.5.1 Peptisers -- 5.5.2 Process Oils -- 5.5.3 Paraffin Wax -- 5.5.4 Resins -- 5.6 Antioxidants and Antiozonants -- 5.7 Adhesives and Bonding Agents -- 5.8 Solvents -- References -- 6 Elastomers Used in the Rubber Lining Industry -- 6.1 Neoprene Rubber -- 6.1.1 Compounding Neoprene for tank lining application -- 6.2 Hypalon Rubbers -- 6.2.1 Compounding Hypalon for tank lining -- 6.3 Butyl rubber -- 6.4 EPDM Rubber -- 6.5 Silicone Rubbers -- 6.6 Fluorocarbon Elastomers -- 6.7 Natural Rubber -- 6.8 Synthetic Ebonites -- Reference -- 7 Compounding Elastomers for Rubber Lining -- 7.1 Design of Compound formulations -- 7.1.1 Choice of Ingredients -- 7.1.2 Viscosity Control -- 7.1.3 Nerve Control -- 7.1.4 Sticking to Mill Rollers -- 7.1.5 Sheeting -- 7.1.6 Tack -- 7.1.7 Scorching -- 7.1.8 Hardness and Modulus -- 7.1.9 Elasticity -- 7.1.10 Strength -- 7.1.11 Resistance to Tear -- 7.1.12 Resistance to Flex-cracking and Fatigue -- 7.1.13 Resistance to Heat -- 7.1.14 Resistance to Flame -- 7.1.15 Resistance to Gas Permeation -- 7.1.16 Bonding -- 7.2 Processing Characteristics -- 7.2.1 Mastication -- 7.2.2 Mixing -- 7.2.3 Calendering -- 7.2.4 Prevulcanised Sheet Winding (PV Plant) -- 7.2.5 Extrusion -- 7.2.6 Moulding -- 7.3 Proportion -- 7.4 Silica and Carbon Filled Butyl Rubber Vulcanisates -- 7.5 Compounding Elastomers of Low Cure Functionality -- 7.6 Chemical Reaction of Polymers.

7.6.1 Resistance to Halogens -- 7.6.2 Resistance to Hydrogen Sulfide -- 7.6.3 Epoxidation by Hypochlorous acid -- 7.6.4 Hydrochlorination of Rubbers -- 7.6.5 Heat Evolution During Vulcanisation of Ebonites -- References -- 8 Manufacturing and Application Procedures -- 8.1 Rubber Lining -- 8.2 Role of Impurities -- 8.3 Working temperature -- 8.4 Lining Thickness -- 8.5 Design and Fabrication of Lining Supports -- 8.6 Adhesive Coating -- 8.7 Application of Calendered Sheet -- 8.8 Autoclave Vulcanisation -- 8.9 Inspection -- 8.10 Adhesive Manufacture -- 8.11 Rubber Lining of Large Storage Tanks -- 8.12 Sheet Dimensions -- 8.13 Sheet Laying and Rolling -- 8.14 Procedure of Tank Inspection before Undertaking the Lining Operation -- 8.15 Rubber Lining of Pipes -- 8.16 Storage of Rubber Lined Pipes -- 8.17 Surface Preparation for Rubber Lining -- 8.18 Methods of Surface Preparation -- References -- 9 Testing of Rubber Lining -- 9.1 Density of Solids -- 9.2 Hardness -- 9.3 Spark Testing -- 9.4 Description of Apparatus -- 9.5 Swelling Test -- 9.6 Specifications and Codes of Practice -- References -- 10 Specification and Codes of Practice for Rubber Lining -- References -- Useful Websites -- Abbreviations -- Appendix 1: Swelling of chloroprene rubber (CR) in various solvents -- Appendix 2: Greek alphabet used to denote engineering quantities of materials -- Appendix 3: Chemical resistant properties and hardness ranges of both natural and synthetic rubbers -- Appendix 4: Useful data for calculating dimension of a steel tank and weight of rubber lining -- Appendix 5: Area of circle -- Appendix 6: Circumference of circle -- Appendix 7: Conversion of square feet to square metres -- Appendix 8: Calculation of the area of different geometric shapes -- Index.