POLLUTION IN CHINA -- POLLUTION IN CHINA -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN CHINA -- Executive Summary -- Introduction -- 1. Environmental Quality: Historical Trends and Current Challenges -- 1.1 Historical Trends -- 1.1.1 Water Quality -- Surface Water Quality -- Lake (Reservoir) Water Quality -- Groundwater Quality -- 1.1.2 Discharge of Water Pollutants -- Discharge of Wastewater and Major Pollutants -- Wastewater Discharge and COD Discharge in Major Regions -- Wastewater Discharge and COD Discharge from Major Industries -- 1.1.3 Urban Air Quality -- 1.1.4 Acid Rain -- 1.1.5 Emission of Atmospheric Pollutants -- Emission of Major Atmospheric Pollutants -- Emission of Industrial Air Pollutants -- Atmospheric Pollution from Traffic -- 1.1.6 Discharge of Solid Wastes -- Discharge of Industrial Solid Waste -- Discharge of Hazardous Waste -- Discharge of Municipal Domestic Wastes -- 1.2. Major Challenges -- 1.1.1 New Challenges -- Conventional Point-source Pollution plus Non-point-source Pollution -- Domestic Pollution -- New Pollution Problem -- Pollution Migration -- Ecological Problem -- 1.1.2. Observation and Discussion -- Water and Air Pollution -- Comprehensive Utilization and Management of Solid Waste -- Ecological Deterioration -- Economic Growth -- Public Health -- A Big Gap from the World Class -- 2. Protection Efforts: Evolution and Major Achievements -- 2.1 Evolution -- Stage 1: Beginning Stage (1972-1978) -- Stage 2: Comprehensive Development of the Environmental Management System (1978-1992) -- Stage 3: Enhancement of Environmental Protection (1992-2008) -- Stage 4: New Era (2008-present) -- 2.2.2 Major Institutional Achievements and Current Status -- Environmental Awareness is High. -- Governmental Organizations for Environmental Protection Have Been Fully Established.

Environmental Laws and Regulations are Close to Mature. -- A Comprehensive Environmental Policy System has been Established. -- Investment in Environmental Protection Keeps Increasing. -- International Cooperation is Much Stronger. -- 3. Policy Evaluation -- 3.1 Overall Evaluation -- 3.1.1 Policy Framework -- 3.1.2 Overall Evaluation -- (1) Characteristics -- Balance between environment and economic development. -- Balance between prevention and end-of-pipe treatment. -- Use of both conventional command & control approaches and economic instruments. -- Emphases on government actions. -- (2) Future Challenges -- Some advanced concepts are well developed but not well implemented. -- Coordination between different departments of government is weak. -- Legal system is incomplete. -- Policy enforcement and compliance are weak. -- 3.2 Evaluation of Specific Policies -- 3.2.1 Strategies and Principles -- 3.2.2 Laws and Regulations -- 3.2.3 Major Command & Control Measures -- (1) Environmental Planning -- (2) Environmental Impact Assessment and "Three Simultaneities" -- (3) Total Pollution Load Control -- (4) Pollution Treatment Deadline -- (5) Pollution Discharge Permit System -- 3.2.4 Major Economic Policies for Environment -- (1) Pollution Levy -- (2) User Charge -- (3) Pollution Permit Trading -- (4) Environmental Tax -- (5) Ecological Compensation, Green Credit and Green Security -- 3.2.5 Other Policy Instruments -- (1) Environmental Information Disclosure -- (2) Environmental Management System -- (3) Cleaner Production Audit -- (4) Eco-labeling product -- 4. Lessons Learned -- References -- Chapter 2 ENERGY POLICY: UNDERSTANDING IMPLEMENTATION IN CHINESE FACTORIES -- Abstract -- Background -- Research Method -- Policy Background -- Energy Intensity Explained -- Zhuji, Zhejiang province profile -- Results -- Overview of Each Factory -- Case 1 -- Case 2.

Case 3 -- Case 4 -- Case 5 -- Case 6 -- Awareness of Policy and Education -- Initial Knowledge of Policy -- Awareness of Benefits and Penalties -- Training -- Business Network and Information Sharing -- Observed actions to reduce energy intensity -- Policy related -- Non-policy related -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 PCDD/FS LEVELS AND MAJOR EMISSION SOURCES IN CHINA: A REVIEW -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Monitoring Capacity Building -- 3. PCDD Level in Environmental Media -- 3.1 Sediment -- 3.2 Soil -- 3.3 Ambient Air -- 4. Major emission source analysis -- 4.1 Pentachlorophenol and Sodium Pentachlorophenate Products -- 4.3 Metallurgy -- 4.4 E-waste -- 4.5 Open Burning -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 AIR POLLUTION FROM TRANSPORT SECTOR IN CHINA AND POLICIES TOWARD A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Interactions of Urbanization, Motorization and Air Pollution -- 1.2. Contribution of Transport to Energy Consumption -- 2. Air Pollutant Emissions fron Transport Sector and Evaluation Methodology -- 2.1 Inter-city Transport -- 2.1.1 Turnover volume and modal split of passenger and freight transport -- 2.1.2 Factors influencing modal share -- 2.2 Urban Transport -- 2.2.1 Private car stock and public transport -- 2.2.2 Energy consumption and emission factor of urban transport -- 3. Strategies and Policies for Energy Conservation and Emission Control -- 4. Future projection of air pollutant emissions and policy control up to 2030 -- 4.1 A System Dynamics Model of Air Pollutant Emissions from Inter-city Transport -- 4.2 Model of Urban Transport Development and Emissions -- 4.3 Model Results -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 INDOOR AIR POLLUTANTS IN CHINA: LEVELS, SOURCES, AND RISKS OF VOCS AND PAHS -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Material and Methods.

2.1. Sampling Sites -- 2.2. Sampling Methods -- VOCs -- PAHs -- 2.3. Extraction and Analysis -- VOCs -- PAHs -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 3.1. VOC Concentrations -- 3.2. PAH Concentrations -- 3.3. Profiles -- 4. Exposure Risks -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6 OZONE POLLUTION IN CENTRAL-EAST CHINA -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Study Site and Techniques -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 3.1. Ozone Pollution at the Urban Site -- 3.1.1. Time Series of Ozone Concentrations -- 3.1.2. Seasonal and diurnal variations -- 3.1.3. Air masses classification and cluster analysis -- 3.2. Ozone Pollution at the Mountain Site and the Comparison with the Urban Site -- 3.2.1. Overall Characteristics -- 3.2.2. Day-to-day Variations -- 3.2.3. Diurnal Variations -- 3.3. Ozone Pollution at the Coastal Site and the Comparison with the Urban Site -- 3.3.1. Overall Characteristics -- 3.3.2. Day-to-day Variations -- 3.2.3. Diurnal Variations -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 NONPOINT POLLUTION CONTROL FOR CROP PRODUCTION IN CHINA* -- 1. Status of Non-point Pollution From Crop Production in China -- 1.1. Non-Point Pollution from Synthetic Fertilizers -- 1.2. Status of Eutrophication of Chinese Lakes -- 2. Reasons for Non-point Pollution from Crop Production in China -- 2.1. The Pressure for High Levels of Food Self-Sufficiency in China -- 2.2. The Fast Development of Vegetable Production -- 2.3. Unbalanced Nutrient Inputs to China's Agrosystems -- 2.4. Rapid Development of Intensive Livestock Production with Limited Treatment of Organic Wastes -- 2.5. Inadequate Agricultural Extension System -- 2.5.1. Under Investment -- 2.5.2. Misallocation of Investment Funds -- 2.5.3. Over-Staffing -- 2.5.4. Poor Quality of Extension Staff -- 2.5.5. Large Amounts of Time that Have to be Spent on Duties Not Related to Extension.

2.6. Overuse of Nitrogen Fertilizer Because of the Failure to Take Account of the Agronomic, Economic and Environmental Optimum Application Rate -- 2.7. Over-Fertilization Behaviour of Farmer under Open Market Conditions -- 3. Policy Recommendations to Reduce Non-point Pollution from Agriculture in China -- 3.1. Policy Recommendations -- 3.1.1. Reassessment of China's Grain Self-Sufficiency Requirements -- 3.1.2. Change the Regional Structure of Grain Production -- 3.1.3. Promote Farmers Associations -- 3.1.4. Raise Environmental Awareness throughout China -- 3.2. Improvements in Environmental Legislation Recommendations -- 3.2.1. Tighter Controls on the Discharge of Organic Waste -- 3.2.2. Promotion of the Recycling of Organic Manure -- 3.2.3. Prevention of Pesticides Pollution -- 3.3. Improvement of Technology Delivery Systems -- 3.3.1. Monitoring the Farmland Quality and Environmental Capacity -- 3.3.2. Reform the Agricultural Extension System -- 3.3.3. Widen the Uptake of Proven High Efficiency Fertilization Technology -- 3.3.4. Implementation of Comprehensive River Basin Planning and Management -- References -- Chapter 8 HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION OF AGRONOMIC CROPS GROWN ON THREE RECLAIMED MINE WASTELANDS IN SOUTH CHINA AND IMPLICATIONS FOR ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION* -- ABSTRACT -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- The Study Site -- Sample Collection and Analysis -- Pollution Assessment -- Assessment Method -- Assessment Criteria and Pollution Grading -- Bioaccumulation Factor -- RESULTS -- Heavy Metals in Agronomic Crops -- Pollution Assessment of Agronomic Crops -- Heavy Metals in Soils and Crop Accumulation -- Discussion -- Safety of Agronomic Crops Grown on the Reclaimed Mine Wastelands -- Implications for Restoration of Mine Wastelands -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Reviewed by Prof. Dr. Yinian Zhu -- INDEX.