Contents -- Preface -- 1. Wind Energy Harvesting for Recharging Wireless Sensor Nodes: Brief Review and A Case Study -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Wind Energy Harvesting from Wind Turbines -- 2.1. Description of technique -- 2.1.1. Savonius wind turbine -- 2.1.2. Darrieus wind turbine -- 2.1.3. Maximum available power -- 2.1.4. Efficiency -- 2.2. Examples -- 3. Energy Harvesting from Flow-Induced Vibration -- 3.1. Description of technique -- 3.2. Examples -- 3.2.1. Karman vortex street -- 3.2.2. Flapping -- 4. Energy Harvesting from Helmholtz Resonators -- 4.1. Description of technique -- 4.2. Examples -- 5. Comparisons -- 6. A Case Study on a Novel Method of Harvesting Wind Energy Through Piezoelectric Vibration for Low-Power Autonomous Sensors -- 6.1. Piezoelectric wind harvester -- 6.1.1. Characteristic of wind flow -- 6.1.2. Characteristic of piezoelectric effect -- 6.1.3. Characteristic of piezoelectric wind harvester -- 6.1.4. Performance of the piezoelectric wind harvester -- 6.2. Power storage, supply, and regulating circuit -- 6.3. Experimental Results -- 7. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2. Rechargeable Sensor Networks with Magnetic Resonant Coupling -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Magnetic resonant coupling: A primer -- 1.2. Chapter organization -- 2. Single-Node Charging for a Sparse WSN -- 2.1. Problem description -- 2.2. Renewable energy cycles -- 2.3. Optimal traveling path -- 2.4. Problem formulation -- 2.5. An initial transient cycle -- 2.6. An example -- 3. Multinode Charging for a Dense WSN -- 3.1. Mathematical modeling -- 3.2. Problem formulation and properties -- 3.3. An example -- 4. Bundling Mobile Base Station and Magnetic Resonant Coupling -- 4.1. Mathematical modeling and problem formulation -- 4.2. Downsizing solution space: A location-based formulation -- 4.3. An example -- 5. Summary -- Acknowledgments.

References -- 3. Cross-Layer Resource Allocation in Energy-Harvesting Sensor Networks -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Static Resource Allocation with Renewable Energy -- 2.1. Rate, bandwidth, and flow allocation with renewable energy -- 2.2. Energy-aware routing with renewable energy -- 3. Dynamic Resource Allocation with Renewable Energy -- 3.1. Basic performance limits and tradeoffs with renewable energy -- 3.2. Finite horizon power allocation with renewable energy -- 3.3. A cross-layer framework for multihop networks with renewable energy -- 3.3.1. Multihop rate control (MRC) -- 3.3.2. Multihop power allocation (MPA) -- 3.3.3. Multihop routing -- 3.4. Summary -- 4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4. Energy-Harvesting Technique and Management for Wireless Sensor Networks -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Energy-Harvesting Module -- 3. Design of Solar-Harvesting Module -- 3.1. Design challenges -- 3.1.1. Solar energy -- 3.1.2. Energy storage characteristics -- 3.1.3. Sensor load -- 3.2. Solar Mote module -- 3.2.1. General mechanism of energy-harvesting modules -- 3.2.2. Overview of Solar Mote module -- 3.2.3. Energy flow control -- 3.3. Hardware design and operation principle of Solar Mote module -- 3.3.1. System description -- 3.3.2. Hardware design -- 3.3.3. Control switch -- 3.3.4. Solar Mote controller -- 3.3.5. External sensor node -- 3.4. Experimental evaluation of Solar Mote module -- 3.4.1. Software design -- 3.4.2. Charging and discharging measurement -- 3.4.3. Short-term experiment -- 3.4.4. Long-term experiment -- 4. Energy Management in Energy-Harvesting WSNs -- 4.1. MPPT and energy neutral operation -- 4.1.1. MPP tracking -- 4.1.2. Adaptive duty cycling for energy-harvesting sensor networks (energy neutral operation) -- 4.1.3. Harvested energy prediction -- 5. Duty Cycling under Energy Constraint.

5.1. Duty cycling under energy constraint -- 5.2. Dynamic node activation for target monitoring -- 5.2.1. Network model -- 5.2.2. Recharging and discharging model -- 5.2.3. Utility function -- 5.2.4. The hardness of the problem -- 5.3. Node active policy for target monitoring -- 5.3.1. When ρ > 1 -- 5.3.1.1. Linear programming solution -- 5.3.1.2. Greedy hill-climbing activation scheme -- 5.3.2. When ρ ≤ 1 -- 5.4. Experimental results and evaluation -- 5.4.1. Charging pattern measurement -- 5.4.2. Evaluation of the greedy hill-climbing algorithms -- 6. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5. Information Capacity of an AWGN Channel Powered by an Energy-Harvesting Source -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Related Work -- 3. Capacity of an AWGN Channel with an Energy-Harvesting Transmitter -- 4. Capacity with Processor Energy (PE) -- 5. Achievable Rate with Energy Inefficiencies -- 6. Fading AWGN Channel -- 6.1. Capacity with energy consumption in sensing and processing -- 6.2. Achievable rate with energy inefficiencies -- 7. Combining Information and Queuing Theory -- 8. Finite Buffer -- 9. Multiple Access Channel -- 9.1. Finite buffer -- 9.2. GMAC with finite buffer, infinite buffer combination -- 10. Conclusions -- Appendix A. Proof of Theorem1 -- References -- 6. Energy Harvesting in Wireless Sensor Networks -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Overview of a Sensor Node -- 2.1. Power unit -- 2.2. Sensing unit -- 2.3. Processing unit -- 2.4. Transceiver unit -- 3. Energy Harvesting -- 3.1. Concept -- 4. Benefits and Drawbacks -- 5. Energy-Harvesting Management -- 5.1. Duty cycle for perpetual operation -- 5.2. Adaptive sensing -- 6. Discussion -- Bibliography -- 7. Topology Control for Wireless Sensor Networks and Ad Hoc Networks -- 1. Overview -- 1.1. Topology -- 1.2. Network -- 2. Network Topology -- 2.1. Wired networks -- 2.2. Wireless networks.

3. Need for Topology Control -- 4. Graph Theory-Based Approach -- 4.1. Graphs in network -- 4.2. Graph theory-based solutions -- 5. Algorithms, Dominating Set and Minimum Connected Dominating Set, Optimization Algorithms -- 5.1. Maximum independent set (MIS)-based methods -- 5.2. Multi-point relay (MPR)-based methods -- 6. Cross-Layer-Based Approach -- 7. Future Research Direction -- References -- 8. An Evolutionary Game Approach for Rechargeable Sensor Networks -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Model -- 2.1. Success probability -- 2.2. Transition probabilities -- 2.3. Initial energy level -- 3. Properties of the Fitness -- 4. Evolutionary Stable Strategies -- 4.1. Nash equilibrium -- 4.2. Definition of a standard evolutionary game -- 4.3. ESS in the semi-dynamic game -- 5. Computing the Equilibrium -- 5.1. With breakdown -- 5.2. Without breakdown -- 6. What About Recharging? -- 6.1. With breakdown -- 6.2. Without breakdown -- 7. Dynamics -- 7.1. Replicator dynamics -- 7.2. Brown-von Neumann-Nash dynamics -- 8. Numerical Results -- 8.1. The Hawk and Dove resource abundance paradox -- 8.2. The initial energy paradox -- 8.3. Dynamics -- 9. Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- 9. Marine Sediment Energy Harvesting for Sustainable Underwater Sensor Networks -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Marine Sediment Energy Harvesting via MFCs -- 2.1. Principle of biomass-based energy harvesting -- 2.2. Computational model of MFCs -- 3. Design of Marine Sediment MFCs -- 3.1. Single-chamber marine MFC (SCM-MFC) -- 3.2. Distributed marine MFC (DMFC) -- 4. Power Management and System Integration with MFCs -- 5. Conclusions -- References -- 10. Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Networks in the Smart Grid -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Smart Grid Monitoring with Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Networks -- 3. RF Energy-Harvesting Basics.

4. RF Energy Harvesting for Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Networks for Smart Grid Deployments -- 4.1. Sustainable wireless rechargeable sensor network (SuReSense) -- 4.1.1. Landmark selection -- 4.1.2. Clustering and path formation -- 4.2. Differentiated RF power transmission (DRIFT) -- 4.3. Mission-aware placement of wireless power transmitters (MAPIT) -- 5. Performance Evaluation -- 5.1. Performance comparison of SuReSense and DRIFT -- 5.2. Performance evaluation of MAPIT -- 6. Summary and Open Issues -- References -- 11. Energy-Harvesting Methods for Medical Devices -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Sensor networks -- 2. Harvesting Methods -- 2.1. Mechanical energy -- 2.1.1. Electromagnetic method -- 2.1.2. Piezoelectric method -- 2.1.3. Electrostatic method -- 2.2. Thermal energy -- 2.3. Energy harvesting outside the body -- 2.3.1. Potential human power sources -- 2.4. Energy harvesting inside the body -- 2.4.1. Potential human power sources -- 2.4.2. Technology Readiness Level assessment -- 3. Medical Applications -- 3.1. Scenarios for medical application -- 3.2. Biomechanical harvesting energy -- 3.3. Cardiac implant applications -- 3.4. Smartphones -- 3.5. Thermoelectric generator in wearable devices -- 3.6. Thermoelectric generator in clothing -- 4. Current Status and Future Trends -- 4.1. Energy sources -- 4.1.1. Microbatteries -- 4.1.2. Micro fuel cells -- 4.2. Ultra-low-power (ULP) systems -- 4.3. Power management (PM) -- 4.4. Technology Roadmap -- 4.4.1. Energy harvesting outside the body -- 4.4.2. Energy harvesting inside the body -- 5. Conclusions -- References -- Index.