Microwave Scattering and Emission Models for Users -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Introduction to Microwave Scattering and Emission Models for Users -- 1.1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.2 ORGANIZATION -- 1.3 MODEL DEFINITIONS FOR ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SENSING -- Chapter 2 The Small Perturbation Surface Backscattering Model -- 2.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.1.1 Shadowing Considerations -- 2.2 ISOTROPIC EXPONENTIAL CORRELATION WITH A GAUSSIANHEIGHT DISTRIBUTION -- 2.2.1 Theoretical Trends for the Exponential Correlation -- 2.2.2 Comparison with Measurements -- 2.3 ISOTROPIC GAUSSIAN CORRELATION WITH A GAUSSIANHEIGHT DISTRIBUTION -- 2.3.1 Theoretical Trends for the Gaussian Correlation -- 2.3.2 Comparison with Measurements -- 2.4 ISOTROPIC X-POWER CORRELATION WITH A GAUSSIAN HEIGHT DISTRIBUTION -- 2.4.1 Theoretical Trends for the x-Power Correlation -- 2.4.2 Comparison with Measurements -- 2.5 ISOTROPIC X-EXPONENTIAL CORRELATION WITH A GAUSSIAN HEIGHT DISTRIBUTION -- 2.5.1 Theoretical Trends for the x-Exponential Correlation -- 2.5.2 Comparison with Measurements -- 2.6 ISOTROPIC EXPONENTIAL-LIKE CORRELATION WITH AGAUSSIAN HEIGHT DISTRIBUTION -- 2.6.1 Theoretical Trends for the Exponential-Like Correlation -- 2.6.2 Comparison with Measurements -- 2.7 DISCUSSION -- References -- Chapter 3 The Simplified Integral Equation Surface Backscattering Model -- 3.1 INTRODUCTION -- 3.1.1 The Simplified IEM Model -- 3.1.2 Computer Program Organization -- 3.2 ISOTROPIC EXPONENTIAL CORRELATION -- 3.2.1 Theoretical Trends in Like Polarized Scattering with Exponential Correlation -- 3.2.2 Theoretical Trends in Cross-Polarized Scattering with ExponentialCorrelation -- 3.2.3 Comparison with Measurements -- 3.3 ISOTROPIC GAUSSIAN CORRELATION -- 3.3.1 Theoretical Trends in Like Polarized Scattering with Gaussian Correlation.

3.3.2 Theoretical Trends in Cross-Polarized Scattering with Gaussian Correlation -- 3.3.3 Comparison with Measurements and Simulations -- 3.4 ISOTROPIC X-POWER CORRELATION -- 3.4.1 Theoretical Trends in Like Polarized Scattering with x-PowerCorrelation -- 3.4.2 Theoretical Trends in Cross-Polarized Scattering with x-Power Correlation -- 3.4.3 Comparison with Measurements and Simulations -- 3.5 ISOTROPIC X-EXPONENTIAL CORRELATION -- 3.5.1 Theoretical Trends in Like Polarized Scattering with x-ExponentialCorrelation -- 3.5.2 Comparison with Measurements -- 3.6 ISOTROPIC EXPONENTIAL-LIKE CORRELATION -- 3.6.1 A Comparison of Spectral Contents -- 3.6.2 Theoretical Trends in Like Polarized Scattering with Exponential-LikeCorrelation -- 3.6.3 Comparison with Measurements and Simulations -- 3.7 DISCUSSION -- References -- Chapter 4 The IEM-B Surface Backscattering Model -- 4.1 INTRODUCTION -- 4.2 ISOTROPIC EXPONENTIAL CORRELATION -- 4.2.1 Theoretical Trends for Like Polarization with Exponential Correlation -- 4.2.2 Comparison with Measurements -- 4.3 ISOTROPIC GAUSSIAN CORRELATION -- 4.3.1 Theoretical Trends for Like Polarization with Gaussian Correlation -- 4.3.2 Comparison with Measurements and Simulations -- 4.4 ISOTROPIC X-POWER CORRELATION -- 4.4.1 Theoretical Trends for Like Polarization with x-Power Correlation -- 4.4.2 Comparison with Measurements and Simulations -- 4.5 ISOTROPIC X-EXPONENTIAL CORRELATION -- 4.5.1 Theoretical Trends for x-Exponential Correlation -- 4.5.2 Comparison with Measurements -- 4.6 ISOTROPIC EXPONENTIAL-LIKE CORRELATION -- 4.6.1 A Comparison of Spectral Contents -- 4.6.2 Theoretical Trends for Exponential-Like Correlation -- 4.6.3 Comparison with Measurements and Simulations -- 4.7 ILLUSTRATION OF SURFACE PARAMETER SELECTION -- 4.7.1 Shadowing Effect -- 4.7.2 Effect of rms Height -- 4.7.3 Effect of Correlation Length.

4.7.4 Effect of Dielectric Constant -- 4.8 DISCUSSION -- References -- Chapter 5 Backscattering from Multiscale Surfaces -- 5.1 INTRODUCTION -- 5.2 BACKSCATTERING FROM MULTISCALE ROUGH SURFACES -- 5.2.1 Two-Scale Gaussian-Distributed, Gaussian-Correlated Random Surface -- 5.2.2 Three-Scale Gaussian-Distributed, Gaussian-Correlated RandomSurface -- 5.2.3 Conclusions on Multiscale Surface -- 5.3 ANISOTROPICALLY ROUGH SURFACES -- 5.3.1 Anisotropic Exponential Correlation -- 5.3.2 Anisotropic Gaussian Correlation -- 5.3.3 An Anisotropic p-Exponential Correlation -- 5.4 DISCUSSION -- References -- Chapter 6 Bistatic Properties of the IEM-B Surface Scattering Model -- 6.1 INTRODUCTION -- 6.2 THE BISTATIC SCATTERING COEFFICIENTS -- 6.3 THEORETICAL BEHAVIORS AND MODEL COMPARISONS -- 6.3.1 Theoretical Behaviors -- 6.3.2 Comparisons with the Simplified IEM Model -- 6.4 COMPARISONS WITH BISTATIC SCATTERING FROM KNOWN SURFACES -- 6.4.1 Surface Slope Effects -- 6.4.2 Coherent Contribution in Azimuthal Scattering -- 6.4.3 High-Frequency Effects on Modeling -- 6.4.4 Measurements at EMSL -- 6.5 DISCUSSION -- References -- Chapter 7 The Standard Moment Method -- 7.1 INTRODUCTION -- 7.2 GENERATION OF DIGITAL SURFACES -- 7.2.1 Surface with an Analytic Correlation Function -- 7.2.2 Surface with a Digital Correlation Function -- 7.3 TWO-DIMENSIONAL SURFACE SCATTERING SIMULATION -- 7.3.1 Moment Method Formulation for Dielectric Surfaces -- 7.4 SIMULATION PARAMETER SELECTION FOR SINGLE-SCALEROUGH SURFACES -- 7.4.1 Effective Window Width Relative to the Gaussian Window -- 7.4.2 Points Per Wavelength or Correlation Length -- 7.4.3 Patch Size -- 7.5 COMPARISONS WITH MEASUREMENTS FROM KNOWN ROUGHSURFACES -- 7.5.1 Conversion of a Two-Dimensional Simulation to Three Dimensions -- 7.5.2 Comparisons with Measurements -- 7.6 DISCUSSION -- References.

Chapter 8 Model for Scattering from a Low-Dielectric Layer of Rayleigh Scatterers with Irregular Layer Boundaries -- 8.1 INTRODUCTION -- 8.2 GEOMETRY OF THE SCATTERING PROBLEM -- 8.3 RAYLEIGH LAYER PARAMETERS -- 8.4 THEORETICAL STUDIES -- 8.4.1 Effects of the Albedo -- 8.4.2 Effects of Optical Depth and Surface Scattering -- 8.5 COMPARISON WITH MEASUREMENTS -- 8.5.1 Comparisons with Alfalfa -- 8.5.2 Comparisons with Corn -- 8.5.3 Comparisons with Soybeans -- 8.5.4 Comparisons with Cypress -- 8.5.5 Comparisons with Snow -- 8.6 DISCUSSION -- References -- Chapter 9 Emission Models for Rough Surfaces and a Rayleigh Layer with Irregular Layer Boundaries -- 9.1 INTRODUCTION -- 9.2 ROUGH SURFACE EMISSION -- 9.3 PARAMETER EFFECTS OF THE SURFACE EMISSION MODEL -- 9.3.1 Effects of Surface Height Variations -- 9.3.2 Effects of Different Correlation Lengths -- 9.3.3 Effects of Surface Dielectric Constant -- 9.3.4 Frequency Dependence -- 9.4 COMPARISON WITH MEASUREMENTS -- 9.4.1 Emission from a Soil Surface -- 9.4.2 Emission from Saline Ice -- 9.5 RAYLEIGH LAYER OVER A ROUGH SURFACE -- 9.5.1 Parameter Effects of a Rayleigh Layer Model -- 9.5.2 Comparisons with Measurements -- 9.6 EMISSION FROM A RAYLEIGH LAYER-NUMERICAL SOLUTION -- 9.6.1 Solution of Radiative Transfer Equation -- 9.6.2 Comparisons with Measurements -- 9.7 DISCUSSION -- References -- About the Authors.