Hydraulic Fracturing Operations : Handbook of Environmental Management Practices.
Title:
Hydraulic Fracturing Operations : Handbook of Environmental Management Practices.
Author:
Cheremisinoff, Nicholas P.
ISBN:
9781119100003
Personal Author:
Edition:
1st ed.
Physical Description:
1 online resource (794 pages)
Contents:
Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Author and Editor Biographies -- 1 Hydraulic Fracturing Overview -- 1.1 Technology Overview -- 1.2 Benefits, Environmental Deterents, Hurdles and Public Safety -- 1.2.1 Key Drivers -- 1.2.2 Environmental Deterrents -- 1.2.3 Hurdles and Public Safety -- 1.3 U.S. Resources and Standing -- 1.4 Worldwide Levels of Activity -- 1.5 The Role of Water -- 1.5.1 Water Acquisition -- 1.5.2 Chemical Mixing -- 1.5.3 Well Injection -- 2 Oil and Gas Regulations -- 2.1 U.S. Environmental Regulations -- 2.1.1 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) -- 2.1.2 Clean Water Act (CWA) -- 2.1.3 Oil Pollution Prevention (Spill Prevention, Control and Countermeasures Regulations) -- 2.1.4 Oil Pollution Act (OPA) -- 2.1.5 Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) -- 2.1.6 Clean Air Act (CAA) -- 2.1.7 Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) -- 2.1.8 Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA or Superfund) -- 2.1.9 Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) -- 2.2 Historical Evolution of Regulations Affecting Oil and Gas -- 2.3 RCRA Exemptions -- 2.4 Permitting Rules -- 2.4.1 California Rules -- 2.4.1.1 Restrictions -- 2.4.1.2 Conditions -- 3 Management of Chemicals -- 3.1 Memorandum of Agreement Between the U.S. EPA and Industry -- 3.2 Chemicals Used -- 3.3 Safe Handling and Emergency Response to Spills and Fires -- 3.4 Storage Tanks -- 3.5 Risk Management -- 3.6 Establishing a Spill Prevention, Control and Countermeasures Plan -- 3.6.1 Roles and Responsibilities -- 3.6.2 Standard Procedures for Any Spill -- 3.6.3 Training -- 4 Water Quality Standards and Wastewater -- 4.1 Overview -- 4.2 Water Quality Criteria, Standards, Parameters, and Limits -- 4.3 Wastewater Characterization -- 4.4 Wastewater Management Alternatives.
4.5 Water Treatment Technologies -- 4.5.1 Separators -- 4.5.1.1 API Separators -- 4.5.2 Other Types of Separators -- 4.5.3 Dissolved Gas Flotation -- 4.5.4 Activated Carbon -- 4.5.5 Nut Shell Filters -- 4.5.6 Organi-Clay Adsorbants -- 4.5.7 Chemical Oxidation -- 4.5.7.1 Chemistry -- 4.5.8 UV Disinfection -- 4.5.9 Biological Processes -- 4.5.10 Membrane Filtration -- 4.5.11 RO and Nanofiltration -- 4.5.12 Air Stripping -- 4.5.13 Chemical Precipitation -- 4.5.14 Thickeners -- 4.5.15 Settling Ponds/Sedimentation -- 4.5.16 Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) -- 4.5.17 Ion Exchange -- 4.5.18 Crystallization -- 4.5.19 Advanced Integrated Systems -- 4.6 Deep Well Injection of Wastes -- 4.7 Overall Assessment of Wastewater Management Alternatives -- 5 Water Utilization, Management, and Treatment -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Water Use by the Oil and Gas Energy Sector -- 5.3 Overview of Water Management Practices -- 5.3.1 Characteristics of Hydraulic Fracturing Flowback Water -- 5.3.2 Characteristics of Produced Water -- 5.3.3 Water and Mass Balances -- 5.4 Wastewater Treatment Technologies -- 5.4.1 Influent Conditions -- 5.4.2 Technology Evaluation -- 5.4.3 Treatment End Points -- 5.4.4 Regulatory Compliance -- 5.5 Alternatives to Conventional Wastewater Treatment -- 5.5.1 Saltwater Disposal Well Solutions -- 5.5.2 Ponding and Land Disposal -- 5.5.3 Treatment for Recycle/Reuse -- 5.6 Project Management -- 5.6.1 Planning and Implementing a New System -- 5.6.1.1 Phase I: Engineering Feasibility Study -- 5.6.1.2 Phase II: Engineering Design -- 5.6.1.3 Phase III: Procurement, Fabrication, Construction, and Start-up -- 5.6.2 Battery Limits and Interfaces -- 5.6.3 Mobile, Transportable, and Fixed Base Treatment Systems -- 5.6.4 Contract and Pricing -- 5.6.5 Morphing Site Conditions -- 5.7 Economics of Wastewater Treatment -- 5.7.1 Traditional Engineering Cost Estimating.
5.7.2 Accounting for Contingencies and Risk -- 5.7.3 Current Pricing for Water Management Services -- 5.8 State-of-the-Art Water Management Project -- 5.9 Special Challenges in the Oil and Gas Energy Sector -- 5.9.1 Overcoming an Image -- 5.9.2 Morphing into a Recycle/Reuse Mode -- 5.9.3 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 6 Well Construction and Integrity -- 6.1 Overview -- 6.2 API Good Practices for Well Design and Construction -- 6.3 Integrity Failure -- 6.3.1 Blow-Out Preventers -- 6.4 Abandonment and Closure -- 6.5 Best Practices for Site Operations -- References -- 7 Managing Air Pollution Discharges -- 7.1 The Problem -- 7.2 Methodology of Air Pollution Control -- 7.3 Remote Sensing and Monitoring -- 7.4 Leak Detection and Repair -- 7.4.1 Method 21 General Procedure -- 7.4.2 Auditing Practices -- 7.5 Use of Flares -- 7.5.1 Overview and Changing Practices -- 7.5.2 Terminology -- 7.5.3 Combustion Principles -- 7.5.4 Ignition -- 7.5.5 Flammability and Flammable Mixtures -- 7.5.6 Gas Mixtures -- 7.5.7 Practical Applications -- 7.5.8 MARAMA Guidelines for Calculating Flare Emissions -- 7.5.8.1 Vent Gas Air Pollutant Equation Emission Factors -- 7.5.8.2 Natural Gas Air Pollutant Equation Emission Factors -- 7.5.9 Propane and Butane Air Pollutant Equation Emission Factors -- 7.5.10 TCEQ New Source Review (NSR) Emission Calculations -- 7.5.11 AP-42, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors -- 7.6 Fugitive Dust Discharges -- 7.6.1 Particle Attributes and Potential Health Effects -- 7.6.2 Estimating Dust Discharges -- 7.6.3 Managing Dust Emissions -- 7.6.4 Dust Monitoring -- 7.7 Compressor Stations -- 7.8 Dehydrators -- 7.8.1 Recommended References -- 8 Macro Considerations of Environmental and Public Health Risks -- 8.1 Overview -- 8.2 The Challenges of Managing Water Resources -- 8.3 The Challenges of Managing Air Quality.
8.4 The Challenges of Managing Greenhouse Gas Emissions -- 8.5 The Challenges of Managing Man-Made Seismicity -- Index -- EULA.
Abstract:
Hydraulic fracturing, commonly referred to as "fracking," is a technique used by the oil and gas industry to mine hydrocarbons trapped deep beneath the Earth's surface. The principles underlying the technology are not new. Fracking was first applied at the commercial level in the United States as early as 1947, and over the decades it has been applied in various countries including Canada, the UK, and Russia. The author worked with engineering teams as early as the mid-1970s in evaluating ways to improve oil recovery from this practice. By and large fracking was not an economically competitive process and had limited applications until the early 2000s. Several factors altered the importance of this technology, among them being significant technological innovations in drilling practices with impressive high tech tools for exploration, well construction and integrity, and recovery along with discoveries of massive natural gas reserves in the United States and other parts of the world. These factors have catapulted the application of the technology to what is best described as the gold rush of the 21st century, with exploration and natural gas plays proceeding at a pace that seemingly is unrivaled by any historical industrial endeavor. But this level of activity has invoked widespread criticism from concerned citizens and environmental groups in almost every nation across the Globe. This outstanding new volume offers the industry a handbook of environmental management practices that can mitigate risks to the environment and, through best practices and current technologies, to conform to the current standards and regulations that are in place to provide the world with the energy it needs while avoiding environmental damage. For the new hire, veteran engineer, and student alike, this is a one-of-a-kind volume, a must-have for anyone
working in hydraulic fracturing.
Local Note:
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2017. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.
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