Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Introduction to Electrokinetics -- 1.1 Factors Influencing Electrokinetic Phenomena -- 1.2 Zeta Potential and the Electric Double Layer Interaction -- 1.3 Coehn's Rule -- 1.4 Combined Flow Rate Equation -- 1.5 Dewatering of Soils -- 1.6 Use of Electrokinetics for Stabilization of Week Grounds -- 1.7 Bioelectroremediation -- 1.8 Electrical Enhanced Oil Recovery (EEOR) -- 1.9 Improving Acidizing of Carbonates -- 1.10 Economic Feasibility -- 1.11 Releasing Stuck Drillpipe -- 1.12 Summary -- Bibliography -- 2 Reduction of Contaminants In Soil and Water By Direct Electric Current -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Overview of Direct Electric Current in Subsurface Environmental Mitigation -- 2.2.1 Theoretical Considerations: Transport of Charged Species - Electromigration -- 2.2.2 Theoretical Considerations: Transport of Water and Its Constituents - Electroosmosis -- 2.2.3 Theoretical Considerations: Mathematical Modeling of Transport -- 2.2.4 Theoretical Considerations: Electrochemical Transformations -- 2.3 Electrokinetically-Aided Environmental Mitigation -- 2.3.1 Electrokinetially-Aided Separation and Extraction -- 2.3.2 Electrokinetially-Aided Stabilization and Immobilization -- 2.3.3 Electrokinetially-Aided Containment -- 2.4 Transport and Extraction of Crude Oil -- 2.4.1 Laboratory Evidence of Oil Extraction -- 2.4.2 Field Evidence of Oil Extraction -- 2.4.3 Laboratory Evidence of Oil Transformation -- 2.5 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 3 Application of Electrokinetics for Enhanced Oil Recovery -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Petroleum Reservoirs, Properties, Reserves, and Recoveries -- 3.2.1 Petroleum Reservoirs -- 3.2.2 Porosity -- 3.2.3 Reservoir Saturations -- 3.2.4 Initial Reserves -- 3.2.5 Primary Oil Production and Water Cut.

3.3 Relative Permeability and Residual Saturation -- 3.4 Enhanced Oil Recovery -- 3.5 Electrokinetically Enhanced Oil Recovery -- 3.5.1 Historical Background -- 3.5.2 Geotechnical and Environmental Electrokinetic Applications -- 3.5.3 Direct Current Electrokinetically Enhanced Oil Recovery -- 3.6 DCEOR and Energy Storage -- 3.6.1 Mesoscopic Polarization Model -- 3.7 Electro-chemical Basis for DCEOR -- 3.7.1 Coupled Flows and Onsager's Principle -- 3.7.2 Joule Heating -- 3.7.3 Electromigration -- 3.7.4 Electrophoresis -- 3.7.5 Electroosmosis -- 3.7.6 Electrochemically Enhanced Reactions -- 3.8 Role of the Helmholtz Double Layer -- 3.8.1 Dissociation of Ionic Salts -- 3.8.2 Silicates -- 3.8.3 Phillosilicates and Clay Minerals -- 3.8.4 Cation Exchange Capacity -- 3.8.5 Electrochemistry of the Double Layer -- 3.9 DCEOR Field Operations -- 3.9.1 Three-Dimensional Current Flow Ramifications -- 3.9.2 Electric Field Mapping -- 3.9.3 Joule Heating and Energy Loss -- 3.9.4 Comparison of DC vs. AC Electrical Transmission Power Loss -- 3.10 DCEOR Field Demonstrations -- 3.10.1 Santa Maria Basin (California, USA) DCEOR Field Demonstration -- 3.10.2 Lloydminster Heavy Oil Belt (Alberta, Canada) DCEOR Field Demonstration -- 3.10.3 Golfo San Jorge Basin (Santa Cruz, Argentina) DCEOR Field Demonstration -- 3.11 Produced Fluid Changes -- 3.12 Laboratory Measurements -- 3.12.1 Electrokinetics and Effective Permeability -- 3.12.2 Sulfur Sequestration -- 3.12.3 Carbonate Reservoir Laboratory Tests -- 3.13 Technology Comparisons -- 3.13.1 Comparison of DCEOR and Steam Flood Efficiency -- 3.13.2 Comparison of DCEOR and Steam Flood Costs -- 3.13.3 Comparison of DCEOR to Other EOR Technologies -- 3.14 Summary -- Nomenclature -- References -- Websites -- 4 EEOR in Carbonate Reservoirs -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Electrically Enhanced Oil Recovery (EEOR) - EK Assisted WF.

4.3 SMART (Simultaneous/Sequential Modified Assisted Recovery Techniques) -- 4.4 (SMAR EOR) Electrokinetic-Assisted Nano-Flooding/Surfactant-Flooding -- 4.4.1 Electrokinetic-Assisted Surfactant Flooding (Smart EOR) on Mixed to Oil-Wet Core Plugs -- 4.5 Electrokinetics-Assisted Waterflooding with Low Concentration of HCl -- 4.6 Effect of EEOR and SMART EOR in Carbonate Reservoirs at Reservoir Conditions -- 4.7 Economics -- Conclusions -- Nomenclature -- References -- 5 Mathematical Modeling of Electrokinetic Transport and Enhanced Oil Recovery in Porous Geo-Media -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Basics of EK Transport Modeling -- 5.3 Fundamental Governing Equations -- 5.3.1 Fluid Flux -- 5.3.2 Mass Flux -- 5.3.3 Charge Flux -- 5.3.4 Conservation of Mass and Charge -- 5.3.5 Geochemical Reactions -- 5.4 Mathematical Model and Solution of Ek Transport -- 5.4.1 Initial and Boundary Conditions -- 5.4.2 Preservation of Electrical Neutrality -- 5.4.3 Numerical Solution Approaches -- 5.5 EK Mass Transport Models -- 5.6 Coupling of Electrical and Pressure Gradients -- 5.7 Mathematical Modeling of EKEOR -- 5.8 Fundamental Governing Equations for EKEOR Model -- 5.8.1 Incompressible Single-Phase Flow Under Applied Pressure Gradient -- 5.8.2 Two-Phase Immiscible Flow Under Applied Pressure Gradient -- 5.8.3 Contribution of Viscous Coupling -- 5.8.4 Evaluation of EO Transport Coefficients -- 5.8.5 Two-Phase Immiscible Flow Under Applied Pressure and Electrical Gradient -- 5.8.6 Formulation in Phase Pressure (Oil Pressure) and Saturation (Water Saturation) -- 5.9 Solution Strategy -- 5.9.1 The Saturation Equation for Two-Phase Incompressible Immiscible Flow -- 5.9.2 Pressure Equation for Two-Phase Incompressible Immiscible Flow -- 5.10 Numerical Implementation -- 5.11 Summary -- References -- Index -- EULA.