Cover -- Acknowledgements -- Table of Contents -- 1. Introduction 11 -- 1.1 Rethinking learner corpus profiles 11 -- 1.2 Why Romanian Learner English? 13 -- 1.3 The first Romanian Corpus of Learner English 15 -- 1.4 Some issues on 'correctness' 16 -- 1.5 Outline of the book 17 -- 2. Romanian Learner English: research scope 21 -- 2.1 English as a Foreign Language in Romania 21 -- 2.2 Romanian Corpus of Learner English 24 -- 2.2.1 Compilation 24 -- 2.2.2 Problems and solutions 29 -- 2.2.3 Comparable corpora 34 -- 2.3 Tools 34 -- 2.4 Research strategy 36 -- 2.4.1 English as a Foreign Language 36 -- 2.4.2 Contrastive Analysis 37 -- 2.4.3 Error Analysis 38 -- 2.4.4 Computer Learner Corpora 39 -- 2.4.5 Contrastive Interlanguage Analysis 40 -- 2.5 From contrastive analysis to learner corpus approaches 40 -- 2.5.1 Phonetics and phonology 41 -- 2.5.2 Grammar 42 -- 2.5.3 Lexicology and Semantics 45 -- 2.5.4 Semiotics 47 -- 2.6 Potential and limitations of RECAP compared to RoCLE 47 -- 2.7 Other Romanian-English contrastive studies 50 -- 2.8 RoCLE versus ICLE 52 -- 2.9 RoCLE importance 53 -- 3. Learner corpus profiles 55 -- 3.1 Theoretical background 55 -- 3.2 Learner corpus profiles: a new definition 56 -- 3.3 Lexical Frequency Profile 58 -- 3.3.1 The teddy-bear argument 59 -- 3.3.2 Noun preferences 59 -- 3.3.3 Verb preferences 64 -- 3.4 Grammatical Frequency Profile 66 -- 3.5 The way to the Lexico-Grammatical Frequency Profile 71 -- 3.6 Conclusion 74 -- 4. Articles in Romanian Learner English 77 -- 4.1 Introduction 77 -- 4.2 The article system in English versus Romanian 79 -- 4.2.1 Article use in English: the and a/an 79 -- 4.2.2 Article use in Romanian from the EFL perspective 81 -- 4.2.3 Article-related anticipated problems in RoCLE 82 -- 4.2.4 Romanian Learner English in the CIA framework 84.

4.3 Lexico-grammatical profiles of the articles in RoCLE: main features 85 -- 4.3.1 Basic frequencies 85 -- 4.3.2 The definite article in RoCLE: frequency, collocations, clusters 86 -- 4.3.3 The indefinite article in RoCLE: frequency, collocations, clusters 89 -- 4.4 Overuse and underuse of articles in Romanian Learner English 92 -- 4.4.1 Specific-reference with 'the' 93 -- 4.4.2 Superlatives and numerals with 'the' 96 -- 4.4.3 New information after indefinite articles 99 -- 4.4.4 Indefinite article use after the paradigm 101 -- 4.4.5 Indefinite articles after 'what a', 'such a' 104 -- 4.5 Specific pattern-related errors 105 -- 4.5.1 The of-construction with definite articles 105 -- 4.5.2 'The' with proper nouns 108 -- 4.6 Learner corpora in contrast 110 -- 4.6.1 'The-flooding' or 'L2-leaking'? 110 -- 4.6.2 Reference to something already mentioned: 'the' or 'this'? 114 -- 4.6.3 From 'S¸ i…-a/l/i/le' to 'And the…' 117 -- 4.7 Conclusion 120 -- 5. Prepositions in Romanian Learner English 125 -- 5.1 Introduction 125 -- 5.1.1 Prepositions in EFL 127 -- 5.1.2 Prepositions in learner corpora 128 -- 5.2 Frequency analysis 129 -- 5.2.1 Simple prepositions 130 -- 5.2.2 Simple prepositions: grammatical profiles 135 -- 5.2.3 Complex prepositions 139 -- 5.2.4 Complex prepositions: grammatical profiles 141 -- 5.3 A parallel study: prepositions in RECAP and RoCLE 143 -- 5.4 Multiple-function prepositions in RoCLE 146 -- 5.4.1 The use of IN in RoCLE 146 -- 5.4.2 The use of ON in RoCLE 149 -- 5.4.3 The use of TO in RoCLE 151 -- 5.4.4 The use of WITH in RoCLE 154 -- 5.4.5 The use of AT in RoCLE 157 -- 5.4.6 The use of BY in RoCLE 159 -- 5.5 Contrastive Interlanguage Analysis: L1-specific or universal errors? 162 -- 5.5.1 Article annihilation by prepositions 162 -- 5.5.2 Universal confusions 166 -- 5.6 Conclusion 168 -- 6. Genitives in Romanian Learner English 175.

6.1 Introduction 175 -- 6.2 Contrastive analysis of the genitive system in Romanian and English 176 -- 6.3 The s-genitive constructions in RoCLE 181 -- 6.3.1 Automatic analysis of the s-genitives in RoCLE: technical problems 184 -- 6.4 The of-genitive constructions in RoCLE 187 -- 6.4.1 Post- and and pre-modifers of the of-genitive in RoCLE 187 -- 6.4.2 Basic of-genitive functions in RoCLE 190 -- 6.5 Other types of genitive constructions in RoCLE 193 -- 6.6 Genitives in learner corpora 195 -- 6.6.1 Overall frequencies 195 -- 6.7 Conclusion 197 -- 7. Summary 201 -- 7.1 Major achievements and findings 201 -- 7.2 The learner corpus profile: summarizing discussion 204 -- 7.2.1 The Lexical Frequency Profile 205 -- 7.2.2 The Grammatical Frequency Profile 207 -- 7.2.3 The Lexico-Grammatical Frequency Profiles 210 -- 7.2.4 The Contrastive Interlanguage Analysis Profiles 214 -- 7.3 Romanian Learner English: back to 'classroom' 217 -- 7.4 Further research 219 -- References 221.