Antioxidant Polymers: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- 1. Antioxidants: Introduction -- 1.1 The Meaning of Antioxidant -- 1.2 The Category of Antioxidants and Introduction of often Used Antioxidants -- 1.2.1 BHT -- 1.2.2 Quercetin -- 1.2.3 BHA -- 1.2.4 2-tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) -- 1.2.5 Gallic Acid -- 1.2.6 Resveratrol -- 1.2.7 Luteolin -- 1.2.8 Caffeic Acid -- 1.2.9 Catechin -- 1.3 Antioxidant Evaluation Methods -- 1.3.1 DPPH Radical Scavenging Assay -- 1.3.2 ABTS Radical Scavenging Activity -- 1.3.3 Phosphomolybdenum Assay -- 1.3.4 Reducing Power Assay -- 1.3.5 Total Phenols Assay by Folin-Ciocalteu Reagent -- 1.3.6 Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Assay -- 1.3.7 β-carotene-linoleic Acid Assay -- 1.3.8 Superoxide Radical Scavenging Assay -- 1.3.9 Metal Ion Chelating Assay -- 1.3.10 Determination of Total Flavonoid Content -- 1.4 Antioxidant and its Mechanisms -- 1.4.1 Mechanism of Scavenging Free Radicals -- 1.4.2 Mechanism of Metal Chelating Properties -- 1.5 Adverse Effects of Antioxidants -- References -- 2. Natural Polyphenol and Flavonoid Polymers -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Structural Classification of Polyphenols -- 2.2.1 Simple Phenolics -- 2.2.2 Stilbenes -- 2.2.3 Lignin -- 2.2.4 Flavonoids -- 2.2.5 Tannins -- 2.3 Polyphenol Biosynthesis and Function in Plants -- 2.3.1 Biosynthesis -- 2.3.2 Protective Roles -- 2.4 Tannins in Human Nutrition -- 2.4.1 Dietary Sources and Intake -- 2.4.2 Absorption and Metabolism -- 2.5 Antioxidant Activity of Tannins -- 2.5.1 Mechanisms -- 2.5.2 Structure-activity Relationships -- 2.6 Protective Effects of Proanthocyanidins in Human Health -- 2.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3. Synthesis and Applications of Polymeric Flavonoids -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Polycondensates of Catechin with Aldehydes.

3.3 Enzymatically Polymerized Flavonoids -- 3.4 Biopolymer-flavonoid Conjugates -- 3.5 Conclusion -- References -- 4. Antioxidant Polymers: Metal Chelating Agents -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Antioxidants -- 4.1.2 Natural Polymers as Antioxidants -- 4.1.3 Chelating Polymers and Heavy Metal Ions -- 4.2 Chitin and Chitosan -- 4.2.1 Chitin and Chitosan Derivatives -- 4.2.2 Chitin and Chitosan as Chelating Agents -- 4.3 Alginates -- 4.4 Chelation Studies -- 4.4.1 Chitosan Derivatives as Chelating Agents -- 4.4.2 Alginates as Chelating Agents -- 4.5 Conclusions -- References -- 5. Antioxidant Polymers by Chitosan Modification -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Chitosan Characteristics -- 5.3 Reactive Oxygen Species and Chitosan as Antioxidant -- 5.4 Structure Modifications -- 5.4.1 N-Carboxymethyl Chitosan Derivatives -- 5.4.2 Quaternary Salts -- 5.4.3 Sulphur Derivatives -- 5.4.4 Chitosan Containing Phenolic Compounds -- 5.4.5 Schiff Bases of Chitosan -- 5.5 Conclusion -- References -- 6. Cellulose and Dextran Antioxidant Polymers for Biomedical Applications -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Antioxidant Polymers Cellulose-based -- 6.2.1 Cellulose -- 6.2.2 Antioxidant Biomaterials Carboxymethylcellulose-based -- 6.2.3 Ferulate Lipoate and Tocopherulate Cellulose -- 6.2.4 Cellulose Hydrogel Containing Trans-ferulic Acid -- 6.2.5 Polymeric Antioxidant Membranes Based on Modified Cellulose and PVDF/cellulose Blends -- 6.2.6 Synthesis of Antioxidant Novel Broom and Cotton Fibers Derivatives -- 6.3 Antioxidant Polymers Dextran-based -- 6.3.1 Dextran -- 6.3.2 Biocompatible Dextran-coated Nanoceria with pH-dependent Antioxidant Properties -- 6.3.3 Coniugates of Dextran with Antioxidant Properties -- 6.3.4 Dextran Hydrogel Linking Trans-ferulic Acid for the Stabilization and Transdermal Delivery of Vitamin E -- References.

7. Antioxidant Polymers by Free Radical Grafting on Natural Polymers -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Grafting of Antioxidant Molecules on Natural Polymers -- 7.3 Proteins-based Antioxidant Polymers -- 7.4 Polysaccharides-based Antioxidant Polymers -- 7.4.1 Chitosan -- 7.4.2 Starch -- 7.4.3 Inulin and Alginate -- 7.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8. Natural Polymers with Antioxidant Properties: Poly-/oligosaccharides of Marine Origin -- 8.1 Introduction to Polysaccharides from Marine Sources -- 8.1.1 Polysaccharides from Marine Algae -- 8.1.2 Polysaccharides from Marine Invertebrates -- 8.1.3 Marine Bacteria Polysaccharides -- 8.2 Antioxidant Activities of Marine Polysaccharides and their Derivatives -- 8.2.1 Antioxidant Evaluation Methods -- 8.2.2 Marine Sulfated Polysaccharides -- 8.2.3 Marine Uronic Acid-containing Polysaccharides -- 8.2.4 Marine Non-acidic Polysaccharides and their Oligomers -- 8.2.5 Marine Glycoconjugates -- 8.3 Applications of Marine Antioxidant Polysaccharides and their Derivatives -- 8.3.1 Applications in Food Industry -- 8.3.2 Applications as Medicinal Materials -- 8.3.3 Applications as Cosmetic Ingredients -- 8.3.4 Applications in Other Fields -- 8.4 Structure-antioxidant Relationships of Marine Poly- / oligosaccharides -- 8.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9. Antioxidant Peptides from Marine Origin: Sources, Properties and Potential Applications -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Whole Fish Hydrolysates -- 9.3 Marine Invertebrate Hydrolysates -- 9.4 Fish Frames Hydrolysates -- 9.5 Viscera Hydrolysates -- 9.6 Muscle Hydrolysates -- 9.7 Collagen and Gelatin Hydrolysates -- 9.8 Seaweeds Hydrolysates -- 9.9 Potential Applications -- 9.10 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10. Synthetic Antioxidant Polymers: Enzyme Mimics -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Organo-selenium/tellurium Compound Mimics.

10.2.1 Chemistry of Organo-selenium/tellurium -- 10.2.2 Synthetic Organo-selenium/tellurium Compounds as GPX Mimics -- 10.2.3 Cyclodextrin-based Mimics -- 10.3 Metal Complex Mimics -- 10.3.1 The Role of Metal Ions in Complexes -- 10.3.2 Manganese Complexes Mimics -- 10.3.3 Other Metal Complex Mimics -- 10.4 Selenoprotein Mimics -- 10.4.1 Strategies of Selenoprotein Synthesis -- 10.4.2 Synthetic Selenoproteins -- 10.5 Supramolecular Nanoenzyme Mimics -- 10.5.1 Advantages of Supramolecular Nanoenzyme Mimics -- 10.5.2 Supramolecular Nanoenzyme Mimics with Antioxidant Acitivity -- 10.6 Conclusion -- References -- 11. Synthetic Polymers with Antioxidant Properties -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Intrinsically Conducting Polymers -- 11.3 Intrinsically Conducting Polymers with Antioxidant Properties -- 11.4 Synthesis of Antioxidant Intrinsically Conducting Polymers -- 11.4.1 Chemical Synthesis -- 11.4.2 Electrochemical Synthesis -- 11.4.3 Other Polymerization Techniques -- 11.5 Polymer Morphologies -- 11.5.1 Polyaniline -- 11.5.2 Polypyrrole -- 11.5.3 Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) -- 11.6 Mechanism of Radical Scavenging -- 11.7 Assessment of Free Radical Scavenging Capacity -- 11.7.1 DPPH Assay -- 11.7.2 ABTS Assay -- 11.8 Factors Affecting the Radical Scavenging Activity -- 11.9 Polymer Blends and Practical Applications -- References -- 12. Synthesis of Antioxidant Monomers Based on Sterically Hindered Phenols, a-Tocopherols, Phosphites and Hindered Amine Light Stabilizers (HALS) and their Copolymerization with Ethylene, Propylene or Styrene -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Synthesis of Antioxidant Monomers to Enhance Physical Persistence and Performance of Stabilizers -- 12.2.1 Copolymerization of Antioxidants with α-Olefins Using Coordination Catalysts -- 12.2.2 Synthesis of Antioxidant Monomers.

12.3 Phenolic Antioxidant Monomers and their Copolymerization with Coordination Catalysts -- 12.3.1 Copolymerization of Antioxidant Monomers with Ethylene or Propylene using Traditional Ziegler-Natta Catalysts -- 12.4 Copolymerization of Antioxidant Monomers with Ethylene, Propylene, Styrene and Carbon Monoxide Using Single Site Catalysts -- 12.4.1 Copolymerization of Phenolic Antioxidant Monomers -- 12.4.2 Copolymerization of HALS Monomers using Single Site Catalysts -- 12.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 13. Novel Polymeric Antioxidants for Materials -- 13.1 Industrial Antioxidants -- 13.2 Antioxidants Used in Plastics (Polymer) Industry -- 13.2.1 Primary Antioxidants -- 13.2.2 Secondary Antioxidants -- 13.3 Antioxidants Used in Lubricant Industry -- 13.4 Antioxidants Used in Elastomer (Rubber) Industry -- 13.5 Antioxidants Used in Fuel Industry -- 13.6 Antioxidants Used in Food Industry -- 13.6.1 Natural Food Antioxidants -- 13.6.2 Synthetic Food Antioxidants -- 13.7 Limitations of Conventional Antioxidants -- 13.7.1 Performance Issues because of Antioxidant Efficiency Loss -- 13.7.2 Environmental Issues and Safety Concerns -- 13.7.3 Compatibility Issues -- 13.7.4 Poor Thermal Stability -- 13.8 Trends towards High Molecular Weight Antioxidants -- 13.8.1 Functionalization of Conventional Antioxidants with Hydrocarbon Chains -- 13.8.2 Macromolecular Antioxidants -- 13.8.3 Polymer-bound Antioxidants -- 13.8.4 Polymeric Antioxidants -- 13.9 Motivation, Design and Methodology for Synthesis of Novel Polymeric Antioxidant Motivation -- 13.9.1 Design of the Polymeric Antioxidants -- 13.9.2 Methodology -- 13.10 Biocatalytic Synthesis of Polymeric Antioxidants -- 13.11 General Procedure for Enzymatic Polymerization -- 13.11.1 Synthesis and Characterization of Polymeric Antioxidants -- 13.11.2 Antioxidant Activity of Polymeric Antioxidants.

13.11.3 Evaluation of Polymeric Antioxidants in Vegetable Oils by Accelerated Oxidation.