Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Executive Summary -- PART I The Epidemiology of HIV and Prevention Strategies -- Chapter 1 Dynamics of the HIV Epidemic in South Asia -- Introduction -- The Global Context -- HIV Transmission Patterns in South Asia -- What Works-Lessons from HIV Prevention Interventions and Programs -- Conclusions: Prevention Priorities for South Asia -- References -- Chapter 2 Responding to HIV in Afghanistan -- Introduction -- The State of the Epidemic in Afghanistan -- Evidence on the Effectiveness and Cost- Effectiveness of HIV Prevention -- HIV Prevention in Afghanistan-An Economic Perspective -- Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- PART II The Economic and Development Impacts of HIV and AIDS -- Chapter 3 Development Impact of HIV and AIDS in South Asia -- Introduction -- Health and Demographic Impacts of HIV and AIDS -- The Economic Impact of HIV and AIDS: Aggregate Approaches -- Beyond Aggregate Measures of the Impact of HIV and AIDS -- Economic Development Aspects of the Response to HIV and AIDS -- Summary and Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 4 Economic Cost of HIV and AIDS in India -- Introduction -- Context -- A Survey of Households Affected by HIV and AIDS -- Outline of the Model -- Estimating the Costs of HIV and AIDS -- Concluding Remarks -- Notes -- References -- PART III The Burden of HIV and AIDS on the Health Sector -- Chapter 5 The Fiscal Burden of AIDS Treatment on South Asian Health Care Systems -- Introduction -- Overview of AIDS Cases and Treatment in South Asia -- Future Growth of South Asian Treatment Costs -- Health Care Financing in South Asian Countries -- Access to Private Health Care and the Risk of Poverty -- Quality of Private vs. Public ART -- Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 6 Recurrent Costs of India's Free ART Program -- Introduction.

India's Free ART Program -- Methodology and Data Collection -- Overview of the Selected Sites -- Key Assumptions and Parameters -- Costs of the ART Program -- Out-of-pocket Expenditure -- Projected Costs of India's Free ART Program -- Discussion of Findings -- Outlook -- Notes -- References -- Index -- Figures -- 1.1 Antenatal and Population-Based Estimates of HIV Prevalence -- 1.2 HIV Infectiousness by Disease Stage -- 1.3 Percent of Adults Reporting Two or More Regular Partners in Last Year -- 1.4 Male Circumcision and HIV Prevalence in Asia -- 1.5 HIV Prevalence in Different Indian Regions -- 1.6 HIV Trends among Pregnant Women Aged 15-24 in India -- 1.7 HIV Trends among Injecting Drug Users and Sex Workers in Kathmandu -- 1.8 HIV Trends among Sex Workers in Nepal by Migration Status -- 1.9 HIV Trends among Vulnerable Groups in Pakistan -- 1.10 HIV Trends among Injecting Drug Users in Bangladesh -- 1.11 HIV Prevalence among Other Groups in Bangladesh -- 1.12 HIV Prevalence among Male and Female Injecting Drug Users in Bangladesh -- 1.13 Coverage of High-risk Networks with Targeted Interventions in South and Southeast Asia -- 1.14 Reduced HIV Transmission in Thailand -- 1.15 Reduced HIV Transmission in Cambodia -- 1.16 The Sonagachi Project, West Bengal, India -- 1.17 Reductions in Unprotected Sex in Tamil Nadu, 1996-2003 -- 3.1 South Asia and India: Contribution of AIDS to Mortality -- 3.2 India: HIV/AIDS and Mortality by Age and Sex -- 3.3 Evaluating the Loss from Reduced Life Expectancy -- 3.4 Access to Treatment and Key Development Indicators -- 4.1 Estimating the Cost of HIV/AIDS -- 5.1 South Asia and India: Contribution of HIV/AIDS to Mortality -- 5.2 HIV Treatment in Centers Supported by the Indian National AIDS Control Organisation, April 2004 through January 2007.

5.3 Percent of Physicians Who Report Prescribing ART "Frequently" by Type of Institutional Affiliation in India in 2002 -- 5.4 Projected AIDS Treatment Burden in India Assuming Rapid Scale Up -- 5.5 Projected AIDS Treatment Burden in Nepal Assuming Rapid Scale Up -- 5.6 Total Health Expenditure per Capita Is Similar in Most South Asian and Sub-Saharan African Countries -- 5.7 South Asian Countries Offer Less Public Financing and Less Insurance Financing Than Most African Governments -- 5.8 Impact of Health Expenditure on Household Net Consumption Patterns in Bangladesh -- 6.1 Trend in Pretest Counseling at VCTC -- 6.2 Adherence and Reasons for Drop-out across Study Sites -- 6.3 Distribution of ART Clients across Drug Regimens -- 6.4 Unit Costs and Number of Patients -- Tables -- 1.1 Overview of HIV Prevalence in South Asia, 2007 -- 1.2 Estimated Number of People Living with HIV in South Asia -- 1.3 Revised HIV Estimates in India -- 1.4 Changes in Sexual Behavior and Condom Usage -- 2.1 Estimated Costs of HIV and AIDS Prevention Program in Afghanistan -- 2.2 HIV Prevention Program: Costs and Years of Life Lost (YLL) Averted -- 2.3 Cost Parameters -- 2.4 HIV Prevention Program: Costs and Outcomes -- 3.1 South Asia: Key HIV and AIDS Statistics -- 3.2 The Demographic Impact of HIV and AIDS in Selected South and East Asian Countries -- 3.3 South Asia: Welfare Effects of Reduced Life Expectancy, 2005 -- 3.4 Household Savings by Income Category -- 3.5 Access of Orphans to Education, Six Countries -- 3.6 Enrollment Rates by Income Category, Ages 6-14 -- 3.7 HIV Awareness across Population Groups -- 3.8 Access to Antiretroviral Treatment in South Asia -- 3.9 The Costs of Antiretroviral Treatment -- 3.10 Expanding Access to Antiretroviral Treatment -- 3.11 Antenatal Care Visits to a Medically Trained Person -- 4.1 Regional Distribution of Sample.

4.2 Age Distribution and Occupation of HIV-infected Individuals -- 4.3 Time since HIV Detection -- 4.4 Distribution of Households by Family Type -- 4.5 Health Indices -- 4.6 Mental Health: Relative Frequency -- 4.7 HIV Patients Who Do Not Disclose Their Infection -- 4.8 Transition in Employment Status Following HIV Diagnosis -- 4.9 State of Health by HIV Status and Gender -- 4.10 Indicators for Impact of HIV and AIDS on Labor Productivity -- 4.11 HIV and AIDS and Children's Enrollment -- 4.12 Per Capita Inflow and Outflow of funds -- 4.13 Losses by Family Types -- 5.1 Estimated Numbers of People Requiring and Receiving ART, end of 2007 -- 5.2 Shares of Private and Public Health Care Production in India -- 5.3 Poverty Head Counts: Effect of Accounting for Out-of-Pocket Payments for Health Care, Various Years -- 6.1 Clients Receiving ART in India's Free ART Program -- 6.2 Overview of the Selected Sites -- 6.3 Reference Period for Study -- 6.4 Volume on ART-Alternative Definitions -- 6.5 Per-Client Cost across Sites and Items -- 6.6 Annual Costs across Selected Sites, by Year -- 6.7 Estimated Unit Costs with Reduced Prices of ARV Drugs and CD4 Test Kits -- 6.8 Distribution of Costs across Sites -- 6.9 Out-of-pocket Expenditure to Access ART -- 6.10 Projections of Costs of ART Programs -- Boxes -- 1.1 Key Principles and Policy Implications for HIV Prevention in South Asia -- 4.1 Case Studies of Financial Impact of HIV and AIDS -- 6.1 Studies of the Costs of National Antiretroviral Treatment Programs -- 6.2 Summary of Key Findings -- Map -- Two Major Drug-Producing Areas That Affect South Asia -- Annex Figures -- 5.1 Projected Fiscal Burden of AIDS Treatment in Four South Asian Countries -- 5.2 Projected Fiscal Burden of AIDS Treatment for South Asia & Sub-Saharan Africa.

5.3 Flow Diagram for Aidsproj Model Predicting the Future Growth of AIDS Treatment Cost -- Annex Tables -- 1.1 HIV Prevention Interventions -- 2.1 Estimated HIV Transmission Probabilities by Exposure -- 2.2 Evidence on Effectiveness of Harm Reduction in Injecting Drug Users (IDUs), and Other Preventive Measures -- 2.3 Evidence on Cost-Effectiveness of Harm Reduction in Injecting Drug Users (IDUs) and Other Prevention and Treatment Measures -- 4.1 Summary Statistics -- 4.2 Determinants of Male Labor Supply -- 5.4 Projected Annual Cost of Treating AIDS Patients in Six South Asian Countries by Uptake and Prevention Scenarios -- 6.1 Additional Assumptions Underlying Cost Estimates -- 6.2 Site-specific Details and Assumptions -- 6.3 List of Compulsory Tests -- 6.4 Time Allocation of NACO Staff to ART Clinic Program in Selected Hospitals -- 6.5 Time Allocation of SACS Staff to Selected ART Clinic Programs.