UNITED STATES BORDER ISSUES -- UNITED STATES BORDER ISSUES -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- BORDER SECURITY: KEY AGENCIES AND THEIR MISSIONS -- SUMMARY -- THE U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION (CBP) -- U.S. IMMIGRATIONS AND CUSTOMS ENFORCEMENT (ICE) -- THE UNITED STATES COAST GUARD -- THE TRANSPORTATION SECURITY ADMINISTRATION (TSA) -- CONCLUSION -- End Notes -- NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT (NAFTA) IMPLEMENTATION: THE FUTURE OF COMMERCIAL TRUCKING ACROSS THE MEXICAN BORDER -- SUMMARY -- NAFTA'S COMMERCIAL TRUCKING PROVISIONS: BACKGROUND AND IMPLEMENTATION HISTORY -- Demonstration Project Results after One Year -- TRUCK SAFETY LINKAGE TO SERVICE CHARACTERISTICS -- "Long-Haul" Trucking Defined -- Short-Haul Trucking over the Border -- Determinants of U.S. Truck Safety and Applicability to Mexican Carriers -- Mexican Truck Out-of-Service Rates Comparable to U.S. Trucks -- CROSS-BORDER TRUCKING OPERATIONS: AN OVERVIEW -- The Scope of Cross-Border Truck Traffic -- Cross-Border Commercial Trucking: The Trade Flow Process -- Mexico-U.S. Crossings -- U.S.-Mexico Crossings -- The Maquiladora Exception -- Hazardous Materials and Agricultural Trade -- The Border's Distinctive Institutions: Drayage and Mexican Customs Brokers -- Drayage: Deadheads and Bobtails -- Mexican Customs Brokers -- Traffic Congestion -- Mexican Trucks Illegally Operating Beyond the Border Zone -- THE OUTLOOK FOR COMMERCIAL TRUCKING UNDER NAFTA -- The Short Term: Expectations and Limitations -- The Short Term Prospects for Mexican Long-Haul Trucking in the United States -- The Short Term Prospects for U.S. Long-Haul Trucking in Mexico -- The Short Term Outlook -- The Long Term: Business Structure and Competition -- The Cross-Border Business Paradigm -- The Low Cost Producer: Time and Distance Is Money -- The Wage Differential -- Cabotage: Legal and Illegal.

The Distinctive Institutions -- Caveat -- CONGRESSIONAL ISSUES -- SOUTHWEST BORDER VIOLENCE: ISSUES IN IDENTIFYING AND MEASURING SPILLOVER VIOLENCE -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- THE SOUTHWEST BORDER REGION AND THE ILLICIT DRUG TRADE BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO -- Demand for Drugs in the United States -- Supply of Illegal Drugs from Mexico -- Mexican Drug Trafficking Organizations23 -- Partnerships in the United States -- Activities -- RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ILLICIT DRUG MARKETS AND VIOLENCE -- WHAT IS SPILLOVER VIOLence -- Characteristics of Spillover Violence -- Who May Be Implicated in Violence -- Perpetrators -- Victims -- What Type of Violence May Arise -- When Violence May Appe -- Where Violence May Occur -- CHALLENGES IN EVALUATING AND RESPONDING TO SPILLOVER VIOLENCE -- Complexity of the Issue -- Defining Goals and Objectives -- Measuring the Problem -- Is There Spillover Violence? -- Analysis -- CONCLUSION -- APPENDIX. SELECTED U.S. EFFORTS AND ISSUES -- Stopping the Flow of Drugs, Guns, and Money -- Drugs -- Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Force (OCDETF) Program -- High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas (HIDTAs) -- Border Enforcement Security Task Forces (BEST) -- Guns91 -- Firearms Enforcement -- Inspections of Federal Firearms Licensees -- Straw Purchases and the Ant Run -- Gun Shows and Private Firearms Transfers -- Firearms Tracing for Mexican Authorities -- Project Gunrunner -- Armas Cruzadas -- Money -- Bulk Cash Smuggling -- Securing the Border -- At the Ports of Entry -- Between the Ports of Entry -- Shifting/Enhancing Resources -- Cross-Cutting Efforts -- National Southwest Border Counternarcotics Strategy129 -- Southwest Border Initiative (SWBI) -- Mérida and Direct Support to Mexico -- Enhancing Intelligence -- El Paso Intelligence Center (EPIC) -- DHS Office of Intelligence and Analysis (I&A)135.

CBP Border Field Intelligence Center (BORFIC) -- CBP Air and Marine Operations Center (AMOC) -- ICE Field Intelligence Groups (FIG) -- ICE Border Violence Intelligence Cell (BVIC) -- Operation Black Flag -- Increasing Prosecutions -- End Notes -- GUN TRAFFICKING AND THE SOUTHWEST BORDER -- SUMMARY -- OVERVIEW OF GUN TRAFFICKING FROM THE UNITED STATES TO MEXICO -- U.S. GUN CONTROL STATUTES AND AN INTER-AMERICAN, ANTI-GUN TRAFFICKING CONVENTION -- National Firearms Act of 1934 (NFA)24 -- Gun Control Act of 1968 (GCA)25 -- Arms Export Control Act of 1976 (AECA)31 -- Export Administration Regulations (EAR)36 -- OAS Convention on Illicit Firearms Trafficking (CIFTA) -- ATF ENFORCEMENT OF U.S. GUN LAWS -- ATF Compliance Inspections of Licensed Gun Dealers -- Straw Purchases and the Ant Run -- Multiple Handgun Sales Reports -- Gun Shows and Private Firearm Transfers -- Semiautomatic Assault Weapons -- Fully Automatic Machineguns -- Project Gunrunner: ATF Efforts to Suppress Southwest Border Gun Trafficking -- Funding for Gunrunner78 -- ATF Firearms Tracing for Mexican Authorities -- ATF Briefing for CRS, May 18, 2008 -- ATF Briefing for CRS, April 16, 2009 -- GAO Report on Firearms Trafficking and Mexico -- Merida and Appropriations Authorizations for ATF -- PROSECUTION OF FIREARMS TRAFFICKING CASES AND RELATED STATUTES -- McAllen, Texas-Possession and Receiving of Illegal Firearms -- Brownsville, Texas-Conspiracy to Make False Statements and Straw Purchases -- Victoria, Texas-Smuggling of Firearms -- U.S. LAW ENFORCEMENT CHALLENGES AND SOUTHWEST BORDER GUN TRAFFICKING -- PREVIOUSLY PROPOSED ANTI-GUN TRAFFICKING MEASURES -- Anti-Gun Trafficking Penalties Enhancement Act of 2007 (S. 77 and H.R. 1895) -- Detectives Nemorin and Andrews Anti-Gun Trafficking Act of 2008 (H.R. 4818) -- End Gun Trafficking Act (S. 3634).

POLICY QUESTIONS REGARDING SOUTHWEST BORDER GUN TRAFFICKING -- End Notes -- BORDER SEARCHES OF LAPTOP COMPUTERS AND OTHER ELECTRONIC STORAGE DEVICES -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- BORDER SEARCH EXCEPTION -- JUDICIAL DEVELOPMENTS ON LAPTOP SEARCHES -- United States v. Ickes -- United States v. Romm -- United States v. Arnold -- United States v. Seljan -- FEDERAL POLICIES ON BORDER LAPTOP SEARCHES -- Customs and Border Protection Policy -- Immigration and Customs Enforcement Policy -- CONCLUSION -- LEGISLATIVE PROPOSALS -- End Notes -- PROTECTING THE U.S. PERIMETER: BORDER SEARCHES UNDER THE FOURTH AMENDMENT -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- STATUTORY AUTHORIZATION TO CONDUCT BORDER SEARCHES -- Customs Officials -- Immigration Officers -- THE FOURTH AMENDMENT -- Searches -- Seizures -- Reasonableness -- THE DEFINITION OF "BORDER " -- Functional Equivalent of the Border -- Extended Border Search -- The Distinction between the Functional Equivalent of a Border and the Extended Border Search Doctrines -- TYPES OF SEARCHES AND SEIZURES AT THE BORDER -- Searches and Seizures of People -- Routine Searches -- Non-Routine Searches -- Prolonged Detentions -- Strip Searches -- Body Cavity Searches -- X-Ray Searches -- Cumulative Effect of Multiple Routine Searches -- Searches and Seizures of Vehicles -- Searches of Electronic Storage Devices -- Searches of Expressive Materials -- LEGISLATIVE ACTION ON BORDER SECURITY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- End Notes -- BORDER SECURITY: BARRIERS ALONG THE U.S. INTERNATIONAL BORDER -- SUMMARY -- BACKGROUND -- THE SAN DIEGO BORDER PRIMARY FENCE -- Operation Gatekeeper -- Sandia National Laboratory Stud -- CONGRESSIONAL BORDER BARRIER LEGISLATION -- Section 102 of IIRIRA-Improvement of Barriers at the Border -- Expansion of Waiver Authority under the REAL ID Act -- The Secure Fence Act -- THE SAN DIEGO SANDIA FENCE.

The California Coastal Commission -- Current Status of the San Diego Triple Fence -- THE SAN DIEGO FENCE AND USBP APPREHENSIONS -- BORDER BARRIER CONSTRUCTION -- Steps Prior to Construction -- Environmental Impact Assessments -- Land Acquisition -- Border Fence Construction Process and Funding -- Types of Fences and Barriers -- Landing Mat Fencing -- Sandia Secondary Fence -- Other Border Barriers: Vehicle Barriers -- Permanent Vehicle Barriers -- Temporary Vehicle Barriers -- Current Status -- ISSUES FOR CONGRESS -- Effectiveness -- Costs -- Fence Design -- Fence Location -- Land Acquisition -- Diplomatic Ramifications -- Environmental Considerations -- Legal Considerations -- Unintended Consequences -- APPENDIX A. LEGISLATION IN THE 110TH CONGRESS -- Proposed Legislation -- APPENDIX B. LEGISLATION IN THE 109TH CONGRESS -- APPENDIX C. EXAMPLES OF USBP BORDER FENCING -- APPENDIX D. THE SAN DIEGO FENCE -- APPENDIX E. PERMANENT VEHICLE BARRIER SCHEMATIC -- APPENDIX F. PERMANENT VEHICLE BARRIERS -- APPENDIX G. DATA FROM FIGURE 4 -- APPENDIX H. LEGAL REQUIREMENTS WAIVED BY DHS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE SAN DIEGO BORDER FENCE -- APPENDIX I. LEGAL REQUIREMENTS WAIVED BY DHS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PHYSICAL BARRIERS AND ROADS IN THE VICINITY OF THE BARRY M. GOLDWATER RANGE IN SOUTHWEST ARIZONA -- APPENDIX J. LEGAL REQUIREMENTS WAIVED BY DHS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PHYSICAL BARRIERS AND ROADS IN THE VICINITY OF THE SAN PEDRO RIPARIAN NATIONAL CONSERVATION AREA IN SOUTHEAST ARIZONA -- APPENDIX K. LEGAL REQUIREMENTS WAIVED BY DHS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PHYSICAL BARRIERS AND ROADS IN HIDALGO COUNTY, TEXAS -- APPENDIX L. LEGAL REQUIREMENTS WAIVED BY DHS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PHYSICAL BARRIERS AND ROADS AT VARIOUS PROJECT AREAS LOCATED IN CALIFORNIA, ARIZONA, NEW MEXICO, AND TEXAS -- End Notes -- CHAPTER SOURCES -- INDEX.