Transcending scale: nationalism, globalism, localism -- The changing work of cities -- The era of entrepreneurial cities -- Context and policy effectiveness -- Cities at work: Cleveland and Jacksonville -- Different paths: Syracuse and Tacoma -- The fourth wave: global-local links and human capital -- Reinventing citizenship -- Appendix A. Spatial statistics: methodology for explicitly incorporating and controlling regional effects -- Appendix B. Local economic development strategies relying on nonfederal resources.