Front Cover -- Dedication -- Ludwig's Applied Process Design for Chemicaland Petrochemical Plants -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface to the Fourth Edition -- Acknowledgments -- BIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 10 Distillation -- Part 1: Distillation Process Performance -- Equilibria Basic Considerations -- Vapor-Liquid Equilibria -- Activity Coefficients -- Excess Gibbs Energy-GE -- K- value -- Ideal Systems -- Henry's Law -- K-Factor Hydrocarbon Equilibrium Charts -- Non-Ideal Systems -- Thermodynamic Simulation Software Programs -- Vapor pressure -- Azeotropic Mixtures -- Bubble Point of Liquid Mixture -- Equilibrium Flash Computations -- Degrees of Freedom -- UniSim (Honeywell) Software -- Binary System Material Balance: Constant Molal Overflow Tray to Tray -- Determination of Distillation Operating Pressures -- Condenser Types from a Distillation Column -- Effect of Thermal Condition of Feed -- Effect of Total Reflux, Minimum Number of Plates in a Distillation Column -- Relative Volatility (alpha) Separating Factor in a Vapor-Liquid System -- Rapid Estimation of Relative Volatility -- Estimation of Relative Volatilities under 1.25 (alpha < 1.25) by Ryan [271] -- Estimation of Minimum Reflux Ratio: Infinite Plates -- Calculation of Number of Theoretical Trays at Actual Reflux -- Identification of ''Pinch Conditions'' on a x-y Diagram at High Pressure -- Distillation Column Design -- Simulation of a Fractionating Column -- Determination of Number of Theoretical Plates in a Fractionating Column by the Smoker Equations atnbspconstant relative volatility (alpha = constant) -- The Jafarey, Douglas and McAvoy Equation: Design and Control [275, 276] -- Number of Theoretical Trays at Actual Reflux -- Estimating Tray Efficiency in a Distillation Column -- Batch Distillation -- Steam Distillation -- Distillation with Heat Balance of Component Mixture.

Multicomponent Distillation -- Scheibel-Montross Empirical: Adjacent Key Systems: Constant or Variable Volatility [61] -- Minimum Number of Trays: Total Reflux-Constant Volatility -- Smith-Brinkley (SB) Method [326] -- Retrofit design of distillation columns -- Tray-by-Tray for Multicomponent Mixtures -- Tray-by-Tray Calculation of a Multicomponent Mixture Using a Digital Computer -- Thermal Condition of Feed -- Minimum Reflux-Underwood Method, Determination of alphaAvg. For Multicomponent Mixture -- Heat Balance-Adjacent Key Systems with Sharp Separations, Constant Molal Overflow -- Stripping Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOC) from Water with Air -- Rigorous Plate-to-Plate Calculation (Sorel Method [311]) -- Multiple Feeds and Side Streams for a Binary Mixture -- Chou and Yaws Method [96] -- Optimum Reflux Ratio and Optimum Number of Trays Calculations -- Tower Sizing for Valve Trays -- Troubleshooting, Predictive Maintenance and Controls for Distillation Columns -- Distillation Sequencing with Columns having More than Two Products -- Heat Integration of Distillation Columns -- Capital Cost Considerations for Distillation Columns -- Nomenclature for Part 1: Distillation Process Performance -- Chapter 11 Petroleum, Complex-Mixture Fractionation, Gas Processing, Dehydration, Hydrocarbon Absorption and Stripping -- Part 2: Fractionation -- Characterization of Petroleum and Petroleum Fractions -- Crude Oil Assay Data -- Crude Cutting Analysis -- Crude Oil Blending -- Laboratory Testing of Crude Oils -- Viscosity -- Octanes -- Cetanes -- Diesel Index -- Determination of the Lower Heating Value of Petroleum Fractions -- Aniline Point Blending -- Chromatographically Simulated Distillations -- Process Description -- Process Variables in the Design of Crude Distillation Column -- Gas Processing -- Gas Dryer (Dehydration) Design.

Kremser-Brown-Sherwood Method - No Heat of Absorption -- Absorption: Edmister Method -- Gas Treating Troubleshooting -- Cause - Insufficient Reconcentration of Glycol -- Sour Water Stripping Process -- Glossary -- Nomenclature -- Nomenclature For Part 2, Absorption, Stripping and Adsorption -- Subscripts -- Chapter 12 Enhanced distillation types -- Homogeneous azeotropic distillation -- Separation of Minimum Boiling Homogeneous Azeotropes -- Separation of Maximum Boiling Homogeneous Azeotropes -- Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation -- Minimum Boiling Azeotropes -- Salt Distillation -- Pressure Swing Distillation -- Distillation with Vapor Recompression (VRC) -- Extractive Distillation -- Residue Curve Maps -- Reactive (Catalytic) Distillation -- Advantages and Disadvantages of Reactive Distillation -- Different Ways of Applying Reactive Distillation -- Contact Devices Used for Catalytic Distillation -- Flowchart for Process Development -- Nomenclature -- Chapter 13 Part 3: Mechanical Designs fornbspTray Performance -- Tray Types and Distinguishing Application Features -- Bubble Cap Tray Design -- Bubble-Cap-Tray Tower Diameter -- Tray Layouts -- Liquid Distribution: Feed, Side Streams, Reflux -- Liquid By-Pass Baffles -- Liquid Drainage or Weep Holes -- Bottom Tray Seal Pan -- Turndown Ratio -- Bubble Caps -- Slots -- Shroud Ring -- Tray Performance-Bubble Caps -- Overdesign -- Total Tray Pressure Drop -- Liquid Height Over Outlet Weir -- Slot Opening -- Liquid Gradient Across Tray -- Riser and Reversal Pressure Drop -- Total Pressure Drop Through Tray -- Downcomer Pressure Drop -- Liquid Height in Downcomer -- Downcomer Seal -- Tray Spacing -- Residence Time innbspDowncomers -- Liquid Entrainment from Bubble Cap Trays -- Bottom Tray Seal Pan -- Throw Over Outlet SegmentalnbspWeir -- Vapor Distribution -- Sieve Trays with Downcomers.

Tower Diameter -- Tray Spacing -- Downcomer -- Hole Size and Spacing -- Tray Hydraulics -- Height of Liquid Over Outlet Weir, how -- Hydraulic Gradient, Delta -- Dry Tray Pressure Drop -- Fair's Method [193] -- Static Liquid Seal on Tray, or Submergence -- Dynamic Liquid Seal -- Total Wet Tray Pressure Drop -- Pressure Drop through Downcomer, hd -- Liquid Backup or Height innbspDowncomer -- Weep Point (Velocity) -- Entrainment Flooding -- Maximum Hole Velocity: Flooding -- Design Hole Velocity -- Tray Stability -- Vapor Cross-Flow Channeling on Sieve Trays -- Tray Layout -- Perforated Plates Without Downcomers -- Diameter -- Capacity -- Pressure Drop -- Dry Tray Pressure Drop -- Effective Head, he -- Total Wet Tray Pressure Drop -- Hole Size, Spacing, Percent Open Area -- Tray Spacing -- Entrainment -- Dump Point, Plate Activation Point, or Load Point -- Tray Designs and Layout -- Proprietary Valve Trays Design and Selection -- Proprietary Designs -- Baffle Tray Columns -- Tower Specifications -- Mechanical Problems in Tray Distillation Columns -- Troubleshooting Distillation Columns -- Nomenclature -- Chapter 14 Packed Towers -- Shell -- Random Packing -- Number of Flow or Drip Points Required [131] -- Redistributors -- Wall Wipers or Side Wipers -- Hold-down Grids -- Packing Installation -- Contacting Efficiency, Expressed as Kga, HTU, HETP -- Packing Size -- Pressure Drop -- Materials of Construction -- Particle versus Compact Preformed Structured Packings -- Fouling of Packing -- Minimum Liquid Wetting Rates -- Loading Point-Loading Region -- Flooding Point -- Foaming Liquid Systems -- Surface Tension Effects -- Packing Factors -- Recommended Design Capacity and Pressure Drop -- Pressure Drop Design Criteria and Guide: Random Packings Only -- Effects of Physical Properties -- Performance Comparisons -- Capacity Basis for Design.

Proprietary Random Packing Design Guides -- Example 14-6: Stacked Packing Pressure Drop -- Liquid Hold-up -- Packing Wetted Area -- Effective Interfacial Area -- Entrainment From Packing Surface -- Structured Packing -- New Generalized Pressure Drop Correlation Charts -- Mass and Heat Transfer in Packed Towers -- Number of Transfer Units, NOG, NOL -- Gas and Liquid-phase Coefficients, kG and kL -- Height of a Transfer Unit, Hqg,nbspHOL, HTU -- Mass Transfer With Chemical Reaction -- Distillation in Packed Towers -- Height Equivalent to a Theoretical Plate (HETP) -- HETP Guide Lines -- Transfer Unit -- Cooling Water With Air -- Atmospheric -- Natural Draft -- Forced Draft -- Induced Draft -- General Construction -- Cooling Tower Terminology -- Specifications -- Performance -- Ground Area vs. Height -- Pressure Losses -- Fan Horsepower for Mechanical Draft Tower -- Water Rates and Distribution -- Blow-down and Contamination Build-up -- Preliminary Design Estimate of New Tower -- Alternate Preliminary Design of New Tower (after References 12 and 19) -- Performance Evaluation of Existing Tower [19] -- Example 14-18: Wood Packed Cooling Tower with Recirculation, Induced Draft -- References for Chapters 10, 11,12, and 13. -- References for Chapter 14. -- Bibliography -- Appendix A A List of Engineering Process Flow Diagrams and Process Data Sheets -- A-1 Process Flow Diagrams Using Visio 2002 Software -- A-2 Process Data Sheets -- Appendix B Ethics in the Engineering Profession -- Ethics in the Engineering Profession -- American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) -- The Fundamental Canons -- The ASME Criteria for the Interpretation of the Canons -- American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) -- National Society of Professional Engineers -- Statement by NSPE Executive Committee -- Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE).

Rules of Professional Conduct.