Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- About the Author -- List of Abbreviations -- Chapter 1: Trade, Environment and WTO Law -- A. Introduction -- B. The Scope of the Book -- C. Main Arguments -- D. Conclusion -- Chapter 2: WTO Law and Other Rules of International Law -- A. Introduction -- B. The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties -- 1. Vienna Convention Article 31(1) -- 2. Vienna Convention Article 31(2): WTO Preamble as Context -- 3. Vienna Convention Article 31(3)(b): Subsequent Practice -- 4. Vienna Convention Article 31(3)(c): Rules of International Law -- 5. Vienna Convention Article 32: Supplementary Means -- 6. The "Evolutionary" Interpretation of Treaties -- C. The Effect of Non-WTO Rules on WTO Law -- D. Conflicts Between Treaties -- E. Conclusion -- Chapter 3: The Role of Core GATT Obligations -- A. Introduction -- B. Non-Discrimination -- 1. Most-Favored-Nation and National Treatment -- 2. GATT: "Like Products" (The Product-Versus-Process Debate) -- a. RecentJurisprudence -- b. The Academic Debate -- i. Transboundary Living Resources -- ii. Global Environmental Concerns -- iii. Local Environmental Concerns -- 3. Outstanding Issues Regarding National Treatment -- C. Article XI: Quantitative Restrictions -- D. Conclusion -- Chapter 4: The Evolution ofJurisprudence on GATT Article XX -- A. Introduction -- B. Article XX Exceptions -- 1. The Applicability of Article XX to the Environment -- 2. Article XX(b): Necessary Restrictions on Trade -- a. Jurisprudence on the Availability of Alternative Measures -- b. Efforts to Negotiate International Cooperative Arrangements -- c. Extraterritorial Effect -- d. Market-Based Instruments and Economic Considerations -- e. The Possibility of Compliance -- f. Difficulty of Administrative Implementation -- g. Reference to International Standards -- h. Discrimination.

i. Outstanding Issues Regarding Article XX(b) -- 3. Article XX(g): Measures Relating to Conservation -- a. Exhaustible Natural Resources -- b. "Relating to" Means "Primarily Aimed at" -- c. Restrictions on Domestic Production or Consumption -- d. Outstanding Issues Regarding Article XX(g) -- 4. The Chapeau -- a. Unjustifiable Discrimination -- b. International Cooperation and Justifiable Discrimination -- c. Arbitrary Discrimination -- d. Countries Where the Same Conditions Prevail -- e. Disguised Restriction -- f. The Chapeau of GATS Article XN -- C. Conclusion -- Chapter 5: The Subject Matter of Article XX(b) and(g) -- A. Introduction -- B. Proximity of Interest as a Conceptual Framework -- 1. Transboundary Pollution -- 2. Management of Transboundary Living Resources -- 3. Global Environmental Concerns -- 4. Local Environmental Concerns -- C. Article XX and Effective Treaty Interpretation -- D. Matching Regulatory Categories With GATTExceptions -- 1. Category A Measures -- 2. Category B Measures -- E. Consistency of Case Law With Proximity of Interest -- 1. Paragraph XX(b) -- 2. ParagraphXX(g) -- F. Conclusion -- Chapter 6: Unilateral Measures and Article XX -- A. Introduction -- B. The Tuna and Shrimp Rulings on Jurisdiction -- C. Article XX and Unilateral Environmental Trade Restrictions -- 1. Transboundary or Global Environmental Policy -- 2. Ongoing, Serious, Good Faith Efforts to Negotiate -- 3. Flexible Application of Measures -- 4. Transparency and Due Process -- 5. Technology Transfer -- D. Conclusion -- Chapter 7: MEA Measures Against Parties and Third Parties -- A. Introduction -- B. Defining the WTO-MEA Relationship -- 1. GATT and WTOJurisprudence Relating to MEAs -- 2. Measures Applied to Third Parties -- 3. The Less-Trade-Restrictive Alternative and MEAs -- C. A Conflict Between NAFTA and GATT -- D. Conclusion.

Chapter 8: The Problem of Unequal Access to Unilateral Measures -- A. Introduction -- B. The Free Rider Problem -- C. Special and Differential Treatment for Developing Countries -- D. The Problem of Market Power in the Use of DSU Countermeasures -- E. Conclusion -- Chapter 9: Sovereignty and Economic Coercion -- A. Introduction -- B. Sovereignty and Territorial Jurisdiction -- 1. Legal Jurisdiction and State Responsibility -- 2. Non-Intervention and Unilateralism -- 3. Economic Coercion and Non-Intervention -- C. Conclusion -- Chapter 10: The Doctrine of Necessity -- A. Introduction -- B. The Treatment ofMEA Party, Third Party and Unilateral Measures -- C. The Doctrine of Necessity -- 1. Essential Interest -- 2. Grave and Imminent Peril -- 3. Only Way -- 4. Serious Impairment of an Essential Interest of the Targeted State -- 5. Contribution to State of Necessity -- D. The Jurisdiction ofWIO Panels to Apply the Necessity Doctrine -- E. Conclusion -- Chapter 11: The Role of Ambiguity in ArticleXX -- A. Introduction -- B. The Need for Change: The Pros and Cons of Ambiguity -- C. WIO Decision-Making Procedures -- 1. Ministerial Declarations and Decisions -- 2. Waivers -- 3. Authoritative Interpretations -- 4. Amendments -- D. Conclusion -- Chapter 12: Conclusion -- Table of Cases -- Table of International Treaties and Legislation -- Selected Bibliography -- Index.