Cover -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Contents -- Preface -- Instrumental Method Acronyms -- Common Hyphenated Instrumental Method Abbreviations -- Abbreviated Periodic Table of the Elements -- CHAPTER 1: Summary of the History of Soil Chemistry -- 1.1 The 19th Century -- 1.2 The End of the 19th and the Beginning of the 20th Century -- 1.3 The 20th Century -- 1.4 The End of the 20th and the Beginning of the 21st Century -- 1.5 Conclusion -- Problems -- References -- Bibliography -- CHAPTER 2: Soil Basics Part I: Large Features -- 2.1 Horizonation -- 2.1.1 Horizon Development under Moist Conditions -- 2.1.2 Horizon Development under Low-Rainfall and Desert Conditions -- 2.1.3 Horizon Development in Areas between High- and Low-Rainfall Conditions -- 2.1.4 Erosion -- 2.2 Peds -- 2.3 Soil Color -- 2.4 Soil Naming -- 2.5 The Landscape -- 2.6 Relationship of Large Features to Soil Chemistry, Soil Analysis, and Instrumentation -- 2.6.1 Soil Types -- 2.6.2 Soil Color -- 2.6.3 Soil Structure -- 2.7 Conclusions -- Problems -- References -- Bibliography -- CHAPTER 3: Soil Basics Part II: Microscopic to Atomic Orbital Description of Soil Chemical Characteristics -- Soil Components Independent -- 3.1 Soil Solids -- 3.1.1 Sand -- 3.1.2 Silt -- 3.1.3 Clay -- 3.1.4 Soil Texture -- Soil Components Interacting -- 3.2 Bonding Considerations -- 3.2.1 Orbital Overlap -- 3.2.2 Ionic Bonding -- 3.2.3 Ligands -- 3.2.4 Ion Exchange Interactions -- 3.2.5 Hydrogen Bonding -- 3.2.6 Polar-Polar Interactions -- 3.2.7 van der Waals Interactions -- 3.2.8 Other Ways of Investigating Bonding -- Soil Components in Combination -- 3.3 Surface Features -- 3.4 Energy Considerations -- 3.5 Reaction Paths -- 3.6 Steric Factors -- 3.7 Rate Factors -- 3.8 All Factored Together -- 3.9 Micelles -- 3.10 Coated Surfaces -- 3.11 Conclusions -- Problems -- References -- Bibliography.

CHAPTER 4: Soil Basics Part III: The Biological and Organic Components in Soil -- Biota of Soil -- 4.1 Animals -- 4.2 Plants -- 4.2.1 Tops -- 4.2.2 Roots -- 4.3 Microorganisms -- Biological and Organic Chemicals of Soil -- 4.4 Biochemical -- 4.5 Bioorganic -- 4.6 Organic Compounds -- 4.6.1 Humus -- 4.7 Analysis -- 4.7.1 Analysis for Animals and Plants -- 4.7.2 Determination of Soil Organic Matter -- 4.8 Conclusions -- Problems -- References -- Bibliography -- Web Sites -- CHAPTER 5: Soil Basics Part IV: The Soil Air and Soil Solution -- 5.1 Soil Air -- 5.2 Water -- 5.3 Solubility -- 5.4 Elements in Solution -- 5.5 Dissolved Gases -- 5.6 Compounds in Solution -- 5.7 Inorganic Ions in Solution -- 5.7.1 Simple and Multi-Oxidation-State Cations -- 5.7.2 Multielement Cations -- 5.7.3 The Simple and Oxyanions in Soil -- 5.8 Organic Ions in Solution -- 5.9 Soil pH -- 5.10 The Soil Solution around Particles -- 5.11 Distribution between Soil Solids and Soil Solution -- 5.12 Oxidative and Reductive Reactions in the Soil Solution -- 5.13 Measuring Soil Water -- 5.13.1 Laboratory Methods -- 5.13.2 Field Methods -- 5.14 Conclusion -- Problems -- References -- Bibliography -- CHAPTER 6: Speciation -- 6.1 Cations -- 6.1.1 Simple Cations in Soil -- 6.1.2 Complex Cations in Soil -- 6.2 Anions -- 6.2.1 Simple Anions in Soil -- 6.2.2 Complex Anions in Soil (Oxyanions) -- 6.3 Isolation of Species -- 6.4 Sampling, Sample Storage, and Speciation -- 6.5 Conclusions -- Problems -- References -- Bibliography -- CHAPTER 7: Soil and Soil Solution Sampling, Sample Transport, and Storage -- 7.1 Field Sampling -- 7.1.1 Before Sampling -- 7.1.2 Grab Sample -- 7.1.3 Point Source Sampling -- 7.1.4 Nonpoint Source Sampling -- 7.2 Sampling Cropped Land -- 7.3 Environmental Sampling -- 7.4 Other Environmental Sampling Situations -- 7.5 Sample Transport and Storage.

7.6 Laboratory Sampling -- 7.7 Sampling the Soil Solution -- 7.7.1 The Lysimeter -- 7.7.2 Water-Saturated Soil -- 7.7.3 Unsaturated Soil -- 7.8 Conclusions -- Problems -- References -- Bibliography -- CHAPTER 8: Direct and Indirect Measurement in Soil Analysis -- 8.1 Direct Measurements -- 8.1.1 X-Ray Methods -- 8.1.2 Spectroscopic Methods -- 8.1.3 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- 8.1.4 Neutron Activation Analysis -- 8.1.5 Soil Air -- 8.1.6 Other Direct Measurements -- 8.2 Mediated Direct Measurement -- 8.2.1 Soil pH and Eh Measurements -- 8.2.2 Soil Impregnation -- 8.3 Indirect Soil Measurements -- 8.3.1 Chromatographic Methods -- 8.3.2 Spectroscopic Methods -- 8.4 Destructive Soil Analysis Methods -- 8.5 Soil Solution -- 8.6 Soil Solids -- 8.7 Conclusions -- Problems -- References -- Bibliography -- CHAPTER 9: Electrical Measurements -- 9.1 The Basic Electrochemical Cell -- 9.2 Electricity Generation in Soil -- 9.3 Potentiometry (Electrodes in Soil Measurements) -- 9.3.1 pH -- 9.3.2 Ion-Selective Electrodes -- 9.3.3 Redox -- 9.3.4 Gas Electrode -- 9.4 Voltammetry -- 9.5 Electrical Conductivity -- 9.5.1 Whole Soil Paste -- 9.5.2 Water and Soil Extracts -- 9.6 Time-Domain Reflectometry -- 9.7 Porous Block -- 9.8 Other Methods -- 9.9 Conclusions -- Problems -- References -- Bibliography -- CHAPTER 10: Titrimetric Measurements -- 10.1 Soil Titration -- 10.1.1 Back Titration -- 10.2 Titration of Soil pH -- 10.3 Organic Matter -- 10.4 Ammonia -- 10.5 Kjeldahl: Organic Nitrogen -- 10.6 Nitrite and Nitrate -- 10.7 Carbonate Determination -- 10.8 Halogen Ion Determination -- 10.9 pH-Stat Titrations -- 10.10 Conclusions -- Problems -- References -- CHAPTER 11: Extraction of Inorganics -- 11.1 Extraction Equipment -- 11.2 Water as a Soil Extractant -- 11.2.1 Water and Reagent Purity -- 11.2.2 Extraction with Added Water -- 11.2.3 Extraction of Pore Water.

11.2.4 Extraction with Dilute Salt Solutions -- 11.2.5 Extraction with Neutral Cation Exchange Solutions -- 11.2.6 Cation and Anion Exchange -- 11.3 Acid Extractants -- 11.3.1 Biologically Available Nutrients -- 11.3.2 Environmental Extractions -- 11.4 Extractants for Basic Soils -- 11.4.1 Biologically Important Inorganics -- 11.4.2 Environmental Extractions -- 11.5 Microwave-Assisted Extraction -- 11.6 Ultrasonic Extraction -- 11.7 Sequential Extraction -- 11.8 Ion Exchange Resin Extractions -- 11.9 Surfactants -- 11.10 Conclusion -- Problems -- References -- Bibliography -- CHAPTER 12: Extraction of Organics -- 12.1 Sampling Handling before Extraction -- 12.2 Extraction Equipment -- 12.2.1 Simple Equipment -- 12.2.2 Soxhlet Extraction Equipment -- 12.2.3 Supercritical Extraction -- 12.2.4 Microwave Extraction -- 12.2.5 Sonication: Ultrasound -- 12.3 Soil Organic Matter Extraction Solvents -- 12.3.1 Organic Solvents -- 12.3.2 Inorganic Extractants -- 12.3.3 Water -- 12.3.4 Surfactants -- 12.4 Cleanup -- 12.5 Conclusion -- Problems -- References -- Bibliography -- CHAPTER 13: Chromatography -- 13.1 Fundamentals of Chromatography -- 13.2 Gas Chromatography -- 13.2.1 Sample Introduction -- 13.2.2 Mobile Phases -- 13.2.3 Stationary Phases -- 13.2.4 Detection -- 13.2.5 Gas Chromatography Applied to Soil Analysis -- 13.2.6 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry -- 13.3 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography -- 13.3.1 Sample Introduction -- 13.3.2 Mobile Phases -- 13.3.3 Stationary Phases -- 13.3.4 Detection -- 13.3.5 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Applied to Soil -- 13.4 Thin-Layer Chromatography -- 13.4.1 Sample Application -- 13.4.2 Mobile Phases -- 13.4.3 Stationary Phases -- 13.4.4 Detection -- 13.4.5 Soil Thin Layer -- 13.5 Electrophoresis -- 13.5.1 Sample Application -- 13.5.2 Movement of Species -- 13.5.3 Stationary Phases -- 13.5.4 Detection.

13.5.5 Electrophoresis Applied to Soil -- 13.6 Identification of Compounds Separated by Chromatographic Procedures -- 13.7 Quantification -- 13.8 Conclusion -- Problems -- References -- Bibliography -- CHAPTER 14: Spectroscopy and Spectrometry -- 14.1 Spectral Overlap -- 14.2 Noise -- 14.3 The Visible Region -- 14.4 Ultraviolet Region -- 14.4.1 Ultraviolet Sample Preparation -- 14.5 Infrared Spectroscopy -- 14.5.1 Infrared Sample Preparation -- 14.6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance -- 14.6.1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Sample Preparation -- 14.7 Mass Spectrometry -- 14.8 Atomic Spectroscopy -- 14.8.1 Excitation for Atomic Emission -- 14.8.2 Atomic Absorption -- 14.9 Color Measurement: The Spectrophotometer -- 14.9.1 Zeroing and Blanks -- 14.9.2 Relating Component Concentration to the Extract -- 14.10 Regression Analysis -- 14.11 Relationship to the Original Sample -- 14.12 X-Ray Diffraction -- 14.13 X-Ray Fluorescence -- 14.14 Remote Sensing -- 14.15 Conclusion -- Problems -- References -- Bibliography -- CHAPTER 15: Hyphenated Methods in Soil Analysis -- 15.1 Sample Preparation -- 15.2 Sample Destroyed -- 15.2.1 GC-MS -- 15.2.2 HPLC-MS -- 15.2.3 AAS and ICP-MS -- 15.2.4 Thermal Decomposition with Mass Spectroscopy -- 15.2.5 MS-MS -- 15.3 Nondestructive Methods -- 15.3.1 GC-FTIR -- 15.3.2 HPLC-FTIR -- 15.4 Triple Hyphenated Methods -- 15.4.1 LC-ICP-MS -- 15.4.2 GC-IR-MS -- 15.4.3 GC-GC-MS -- 15.4.4 GC-GC-FTIR -- 15.4.5 (Cp and Py)-GC-MS -- 15.5 Conclusions -- Problems -- References -- Bibliography -- Index -- Series page.