Front Cover -- ANIMAL MODELS FOR THE STUDY OF HUMAN DISEASE -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Part I - ETHICS, RESOURCES AND APPROACHES -- Chapter 1 - Ethics in Biomedical Animal Research: The Key Role of the Investigator -- NATURE AND SCOPE OF THE CHAPTER -- THE SUBJECT MATTER OF ANIMAL RESEARCH ETHICS -- ASPECTS OF ANIMAL USE AND CARE RELEVANT TO ANIMAL RESEARCH ETHICS -- WHY INVESTIGATORS ARE UNIQUELY QUALIFIED TO ENGAGE IN ETHICAL ASSESSMENT OF ANIMAL RESEARCH -- WHY INVESTIGATORS SHOULD COMMIT THEMSELVES TO ETHICAL CONDUCT OF ANIMAL RESEARCH -- WHY INVESTIGATORS PLAY THE KEY ROLE IN ASSURING THE ETHICAL CONDUCT OF ANIMAL RESEARCH PROJECTS -- SOURCES OF SUPPORT AND GUIDANCE IN CONDUCTING ETHICAL RESEARCH -- DEVELOPING USEFUL ETHICAL GUIDELINES -- FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL RESEARCH ETHICS -- PRACTICAL ETHICAL GUIDELINES FOR INVESTIGATORS -- SOME CURRENT DIFFICULT ISSUES IN ANIMAL RESEARCH ETHICS -- GENERAL SUGGESTIONS FOR INVESTIGATORS -- References -- Chapter 2 - Access to Resources: A Model Organism Database for Humans -- THE PROBLEM -- THE LAMHDI SOLUTION -- THE IDEAL SOLUTION -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 - The Advent of the Golden Era of Animal Alternatives -- INTRODUCTION -- ANALYTICAL TOOLS FOR THE DETECTION OF FOOD-BORNE DISEASE -- AN IN VITRO SYSTEM TO ASSESS ADVERSE EFFECTS DURING DEVELOPMENT -- DISEASES-IN-A-DISH -- NONINVASIVE IMAGING AND RECORDING -- CONCLUSIONS -- References -- Chapter 4 - Environmental Enrichment for Animals Used in Research -- INTRODUCTION -- APPLIED SCIENCE: ENRICHMENT AS A WELFARE TOOL -- BASIC SCIENCE: ENRICHMENT AND ANIMAL MODELS -- ENRICHMENT AND EXPERIMENTAL VARIABILITY -- ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT REGULATIONS -- IMPLEMENTING AN ENRICHMENT PLAN -- CONCLUSIONS -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part II - VISION.

Chapter 5 - Animal Models of Age-Related Macular Degeneration -- INTRODUCTION -- COMPARATIVE RETINAL ANATOMY AND THE PATHOLOGY OF AMD -- THE GENETICS OF AMD -- INFLAMMATION IN AMD -- HTRA1 AND LOC387715/ARMS2 IN AMD -- OXIDATIVE DAMAGE AND AMD -- LIPID METABOLISM AND AMD -- SPONTANEOUSLY OCCURRING PRIMATE MODELS OF AMD -- MODELING CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION IN ADVANCED AMD -- CONCLUSION -- References -- Chapter 6 - N-Methyl-N-Nitrosourea Animal Models for Retinitis Pigmentosa -- INTRODUCTION -- TIME-COURSE PROGRESSION OF MNU-INDUCED RETINAL DEGENERATION -- RETINAL DEGENERATION CAUSED BY MNU IN VARIOUS ANIMAL SPECIES -- AGE-RELATED PHOTORECEPTOR CELL DAMAGE AND SENSITIVITY TO MNU -- PHOTORECEPTOR CELL DEATH, CELL DEBRIS REMOVAL, AND RPE CELL MIGRATION -- MOLECULAR MECHANISMS IN PHOTORECEPTOR CELL DEATH CAUSED BY MNU -- THERAPEUTIC TRIALS AGAINST MNU-INDUCED PHOTORECEPTOR APOPTOSIS -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part III - CARDIAC AND CARDIOVASCULAR -- Chapter 7 - Animal Models of Myocardial Disease -- INTRODUCTION -- THE SPECTRUM OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE -- CHOICE OF ANIMAL SYSTEM -- EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN -- ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE -- SYSTOLIC HEART FAILURE -- DIASTOLIC HEART FAILURE -- INFECTIVE MYOCARDITIS -- CARDIOMYOPATHIES -- DIABETES AND OBESITY-RELATED HEART DISEASE -- THE FUTURE OF ANIMAL MODELS FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE -- References -- Chapter 8 - Animal Models for Cardiovascular Research -- INTRODUCTION -- MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIC MODELS -- HYPERTENSION AND LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY MODELS -- HEART FAILURE MODELS -- CARDIOVASCULAR DENERVATION MODELS -- FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- References -- Chapter 9 - Cardiovascular Models: Heart Secondarily Affected by Disease -- INTRODUCTION -- THE HEART AND DIABETES MELLITUS -- THE HEART AND RENAL FAILURE -- THE HEART AND DYSFUNCTIONAL SYMPATHETIC INNERVATION -- Acknowledgment.

References -- Chapter 10 - Models for the Study of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis -- SMALL VERSUS LARGE: SIZE MATTERS? -- ATHEROSCLEROSIS -- THROMBOSIS -- ANIMAL MODELS OF VON WILLEBRAND DISEASE -- ANIMAL MODELS OF VENOUS THROMBOSIS -- ANIMAL MODELS OF PLAQUE RUPTURE -- CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part IV - OBESITY, METABOLIC AND LIVER -- Chapter 11 - Animal Models of Metabolic Syndrome -- INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW -- CHOOSING AN ANIMAL MODEL OF METS -- ANIMAL MODELS OF METS ETIOLOGY -- GENETIC FACTORS -- ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS -- ANIMAL MODELS OF METS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY -- CONCLUSIONS -- References -- Chapter 12 - Invertebrates in Obesity Research: A Worm's Perspective -- OBESITY WORLDWIDE -- MODEL ORGANISMS -- INTRODUCING THE NEMATODE C. ELEGANS -- LIPIDS IN C. ELEGANS -- C. ELEGANS AS A MODEL FOR OBESITY RESEARCH -- FAT PATHWAYS IN MAMMALS AND WORMS -- OBESITY IN HUMANS AND MODEL ORGANISMS: A GENOMIC APPROACH -- THE LINK BETWEEN FAT METABOLISM AND OTHER DISEASES -- OTHER INVERTEBRATE MODELS IN OBESITY RESEARCH -- CONCLUSION -- References -- Chapter 13 - Animal Models of Dietary-Induced Obesity -- USEFULNESS OF ANIMAL MODELS OF HUMAN OBESITY -- FAT-RICH DIETS -- PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF FAT-RICH-DIET-INDUCED OBESITY -- BEHAVIORAL MECHANISMS OF DIETARY OBESITY -- REVERSAL OF DIETARY OBESITY -- CONCLUSIONS -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 14 - Animal Models for Manipulation of Thermogenesis -- INTRODUCTION -- BROWN FAT -- BAT AND THERMOGENESIS IN WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUE -- "BROWNING" OF WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUE -- SKELETAL MUSCLE -- MODELS OF OBESITY -- DIET-INDUCED OBESITY AND THERMOGENESIS -- PHOTOPERIOD AND SEASONALITY AS MODELS OF METABOLIC FUNCTION -- FETAL GROWTH RETARDATION AND EFFECT ON METABOLIC BALANCE -- TRANSGENERATIONAL EFFECTS OF OBESITY -- POLYGENIC MODELS OF OBESITY -- CONCLUDING REMARKS.

References -- Chapter 15 - Animal Models of Cholestasis -- INTRODUCTION -- GENERAL CONCEPTS OF NORMAL BILE FORMATION -- LIVER FIBROSIS IN CHOLESTATIC LIVER DISEASES -- MODELS FOR (PRIMARY) SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS -- MODELS FOR PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS -- OBSTRUCTIVE CHOLESTASIS -- DRUG-INDUCED CHOLESTASIS -- INFLAMMATION-INDUCED CHOLESTASIS -- BILIARY ATRESIA -- INHERITED CHOLESTATIC SYNDROMES -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- References -- Part V - BONE AND SKIN -- Chapter 16 - Animal Models of Bone Diseases-A -- INTRODUCTION -- ANIMAL MODELS OF AGE-DEPENDENT DEGENERATIVE BONE DISORDERS -- ANIMAL MODELS OF CONGENITAL BONE DISORDERS -- CONCLUSIONS -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 17 - Animal Models of Bone Disease-B -- INTRODUCTION -- CRITERIA FOR CHOOSING ANIMAL MODELS FOR BONE LOSS AND REGENERATION -- COMMON ANIMAL MODELS FOR SKELETAL RESEARCH -- GENETIC MOUSE MODELS FOR ELUCIDATING MECHANISTIC CHANGES -- METHODS USED IN EVALUATING BONE STRUCTURE AND STRENGTH IN ANIMAL MODELS -- IN VITRO MODELS OF SKELETAL BIOLOGY -- CONCLUSION AND CLOSING REMARKS -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 18 - Animal Models for Implant-Associated Osteomyelitis -- INTRODUCTION -- GENERAL FEATURES OF OSTEOMYELITIS ANIMAL MODELS -- RABBIT OSTEOMYELITIS MODELS -- RAT OSTEOMYELITIS MODELS -- MOUSE MODELS OF OSTEOMYELITIS -- LARGE-ANIMAL MODELS OF OSTEOMYELITIS -- AREAS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF ANIMAL MODELS OF OSTEOMYELITIS -- BIOMARKERS OF INFECTION -- CONCLUSION -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 19 - Animal Models of Fibrosis in Human Disease -- INTRODUCTION -- ANIMAL MODELS OF FIBROSIS IN SCLERODERMA -- CONCLUSIONS -- LIVER FIBROSIS -- CONCLUSIONS -- References -- Part VI - URINARY TRACT, KIDNEY AND BOWEL -- Chapter 20 - Animal Models of Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction -- THE REQUIREMENT FOR ANIMAL MODELS -- THE NORMAL URINARY TRACT.

AGING ANIMAL MODELS -- BLADDER OUTFLOW TRACT OBSTRUCTION -- STRESS URINARY INCONTINENCE -- BLADDER PAIN SYNDROME -- LOWER URINARY TRACT DISORDERS OF NEUROLOGICAL ORIGIN -- ANIMAL MODELS OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM CONTROL OVER BLADDER FUNCTION -- DIABETES AND LOWER URINARY TRACT DYSFUNCTION -- URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS -- CONGENITAL ANOMALIES -- TISSUE ENGINEERING AND THE URINARY TRACT -- References -- Chapter 21 - Animal Models of Calcium Oxalate Kidney Stone Formation -- INTRODUCTION -- CALCIUM OXALATE CRYSTAL DEPOSITION IN RATS -- CALCIUM OXALATE CRYSTAL DEPOSITION IN MICE -- CALCIUM OXALATE CRYSTAL DEPOSITION IN PIGS -- CALCIUM PHOSPHATE CRYSTAL DEPOSITION IN RATS -- CALCIUM PHOSPHATE CRYSTAL DEPOSITION IN MICE -- CALCIUM OXALATE/CALCIUM PHOSPHATE ASSOCIATION IN ANIMAL MODELS -- FOREIGN-BODY STONES -- COMPARISON BETWEEN RAT AND HUMAN NEPHROLITHIASIS -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- References -- Chapter 22 - Animal Models of Inflammatory Bowel Disease for Drug Discovery -- INTRODUCTION -- CLASSIFICATION OF MOUSE IBD MODELS -- ETIOLOGY AND MOUSE IBD MODELS -- CLASSICAL THERAPY AND IBD MODELS -- BIOLOGICAL THERAPY AND IBD MODELS -- CONCLUSION -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part VII - THE BRAIN, STROKE, AND NEUROMUSCULAR -- Chapter 23 - Animal Models of Stroke Versus Clinical Stroke: Comparison of Infarct Size, Cause, Location, Study Design, and ... -- INTRODUCTION -- SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS METHOD -- RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 24 - Animal Models and Methods to Study the Relationships Between Brain and Tissues in Metabolic Regulation -- INTRODUCTION -- GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS -- TECHNICAL MEANS TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM -- MODULATING CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ACTIVITY -- STUDY OF CEREBRAL RESPONSES -- BEHAVIORAL AND METABOLIC RESPONSES -- CONCLUSION -- References.

Chapter 25 - Models of Alzheimer's Disease.