Nutrition Issues in Developing Countries -- Copyright -- Contents -- PART I DIARRHEAL DISEASES -- Introduction -- REFERENCES -- 1 Summary -- 2 Feeding Practices and Their Determinants -- FEEDING PRACTICES, FOOD, AND DIARRHEA RISK -- SOCIOCULTURAL DETERMINANTS OF BREASTFEEDING -- Women's Work -- Health Services and Personnel -- Marketing Practices of Infant Formula Manufacturers -- Urbanization -- INITIATING BREASTFEEDING: COLOSTRUM AND PRELACTEAL FEEDS -- INTRODUCTION OF FOODS IN ADDITION TO BREAST MILK -- FEEDING METHODS -- SEVERANCE: THE CESSATION OF BREASTFEEDING -- SPECIFIC DETERMINANTS FOR INTERVENTION PLANNING -- Food Availability to the Community -- Food Availability at the Household Level -- Food Availability to the Child -- Cultural Beliefs -- Allocation of Caretaker Time for Food Preparation -- Availability of Fuel Water, and Other Food Preparation Resources -- Family Food Consumption Patterns -- Child Feeding Methods and Practices -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 3 Relationships Between Nutrition and Diarrhea -- EVIDENCE THAT MALNUTRITION PREDISPOSES THE HOST TO DIARRHEAL DISEASE -- IMMUNOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF MALNUTRITION -- THE CONTRIBUTION OF DIARRHEA TO MALNUTRITION -- HUMAN MILK AND DIARRHEAL DISEASES -- Protective Factors in Human Milk -- Lactation Performance -- Effects of Maternal Nutritional Status on Lactation Performance -- Effects of Food Supplementation, on Lactation Performance -- Manipulation of Immunologic Protein Factors in Human Milk -- WEANING FOODS -- Nutrient Composition of Common Foods -- Bioavailability of Nutrients -- NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 4 Feeding Practices, Food, and Diarrhea Risk -- FOOD CONTAMINATION -- FECAL CONTAMINATION OF WEANING FOOD IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES -- Source of Contamination -- Relationship of Weaning Food Contamination to Diarrhea.

POTENTIAL INTERVENTIONS TO REDUCE WEANING FOOD CONTAMINATION -- Personal and Utensil Hygiene -- Holding of Food Between Cooking and Saving -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 5 Processing Techniques Suitable For Weaning Foods -- PROCESSING -- Processing Techniques -- Roasting -- Germination -- Milling -- Baking -- Cooking -- Drying -- Extrusion -- Fermentation -- Other Fermentations -- Food Additives -- Selection of Processing Location -- Home and Village Preparation -- Central Processing -- COMPARISON OF STRATEGIES FOR SUPPLYING SUPPLEMENTAL FOODS -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 6 Conclusions and Recommendations -- CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDED INTERVENTIONS -- RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- Behavioral Modification -- Transmission of Enteropathogens -- Enhancement of Breastfeeding and Weaning Practices -- Relationship Between Nutritional Status and Diarrheal Disease -- Timing of Supplementary Food Introduction -- Nutrient Bioavailability and Caloric Density -- Improved Food Processing Technologies -- PART II DIET AND ACTIVITY DURING PREGNANCY AND LACTATION -- 1 Summary -- 2 Overview of the Socioeconomic and Health Status of Women in Developing Countries -- ECONOMIC SITUATION AND FOOD AND NUTRITION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES -- STATUS OF WOMEN: HEALTH AND SOCIAL ISSUES -- Literacy -- Fertility -- ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE -- Family Planning -- Infant and Child Mortality -- Maternal Mortality -- Nutritional Anemia -- Low Birth Weight-Health and Nutritional Status of the Mother -- Breastfeeding -- PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES OF PREGNANT WOMEN IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES -- Patterns of Energy Expenditure and Intake and Low Birth Weight -- Activity Patterns of Women in Rural Areas -- Income From Agricultural Labor -- Seasonality -- Activity Patterns of Women in Urban Areas -- Informal Sector Activity -- REFERENCES -- 3 Physiology of Normal Pregnancy and the Effects of Undernutrition.

BODY WEIGHT AND COMPOSITION -- Maternal Energy Expenditure and Energy Balance -- Potential Energy-Sparing Mechanisms -- Blood Volume and Composition -- Undernutrition, Blood Volume Expansion, and Placental Blood Flow in Animal Models -- GESTATIONAL EFFECTS ON ORGAN SYSTEMS IN PREGNANT WOMEN -- Pregnancy-Related Changes in Maternal Metabolism -- Metabolic Adaptations -- Oxygen -- Glucose -- Lactic Acid -- Other Substrates -- Undernutrition in Pregnancy: ''Accelerated Starvation'' -- METABOLIC AND TRANSPORT FUNCTION OF THE PLACENTA -- Placental Transport in Malnourished Women and Animals -- Effect on Nutrient Flux -- FETAL METABOLISM AND NUTRITION -- Iron Status and Work Performance -- References -- 4 Nutrient Metabolism and Physical Activity -- ENERGY -- Resting or Basal Energy Requirements -- Energy Requirements for Activity -- Sources of Energy -- PROTEIN -- IRON -- PREGNANCY AND OXYGEN CONSUMPTION -- PREGNANCY, WORK, AND SUBSTRATE METABOLISM -- Hormonal Changes -- Temperature -- EFFECT OF MATERNAL UNDERNUTRITION OR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON THE FETUS -- EFFECTS OF UNDERNUTRITION ON PHYSICAL ACTIVITY -- Productivity -- Discretionary Physical Activity -- Physical Work Capacity (PWC) -- REFERENCES -- 5 Effects of Diet and Physical Activity in Pregnant Human Populations -- EFFECT OF ENERGY INTAKE -- Background -- Gestational Duration -- Fetal Growth -- Spontaneous Abortion -- Congenital Anomalies -- Maternal Mortality -- Other Pregnancy Complications -- EFFECTS OF MATERNAL WORK AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY -- Background -- Gestational Duration -- Fetal Growth -- Spontanous Abortion -- Congenital Anomalies -- Maternal Mortality -- Other Pregnancy Complications -- COMBINED EFFECTS OF MATERNAL NUTRITION AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY -- Background -- Gestational Duration -- Fetal Growth -- Other Pregnancy Outcomes -- DIRECT EVIDENCE OF COMBINED EFFECTS -- REFERENCES.

6 Impact of Physical Activity and Diet on Lactation -- INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON FAT STORAGE DURING PREGNANCY AND LACTATION -- RELATED FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF ENERGY STORES -- INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY DURING PREGNANCY ON THE EFFICIENCY OF MILK PRODUCTION -- CARDIOVASCULAR ADAPTATIONS -- FIELD STUDIES AND LACTATION PERFORMANCE -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 7 Conclusions and Recommendations -- CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS.