SYNTAX AND VARIATION -- Editorial page -- Title page -- LCC data -- Table of contents -- 1. Toward an integrated approach to syntactic variation -- 1. Overview -- 1.1. Stimulus for the volume and its overarching aim -- 1.2. Wider context -- 1.3. The acquisition of local and supralocal varieties -- 2. Outline of contributions and their methodologies -- 3. Major themes addressed -- 3.1. An integrated theory of syntactic variation -- 3.2. External and internal constraints on syntactic variation -- 4. Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Notes -- References -- I. Aspects of modularity -- 2. A modular approach to sociolinguistic variation in syntax -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Models for syntactic variation -- 3. Modularity -- 4. The speech community -- 5. The syntactic variable: Gerunds -- 6. The distribution of the gerund and factors involved in the variation in use -- 7. Modular perspectives -- Notes -- References -- 3. Selective optionality in language development -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Adult bilingualism: Ultimate attainment and effects on the native language -- 2.1. End-state grammars -- 3. Revisiting previous studies of near-nativeness -- 3.1. Interface divergences -- 3.2. Interface convergences -- 4. Parallels between L2 acquisition and L1 attrition -- 5. A generalization on optionality in bilinguals -- 6. Interpreting optionality: Representational vs. processing accounts -- 7. Usage and exposure as critical variables -- 8. Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- 4. Syntactic variation and spoken language -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The generativist approach and spoken language -- 3. The variationist approach and spoken language -- 4. Prefabricated expressions -- 4.1. Prefabricated expressions in spoken language -- 4.2. Some prefabricated expressions in spoken English -- 5. Affective meanings in spoken language -- 6. Conclusion -- Notes.

Transcription conventions -- References -- II. Individual speaker variability and methodological innovation -- 5. Idiolectal variation and syntactic theory -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methodology -- 2.1. Methodological practices adhered to in this study -- 3. Patterns of idiolectal variation in agreement structures -- 3.1. Agreement in sentences with expletive there -- 4. Implications for the nature of grammar -- Notes -- References -- 6. Focus raising -- 1. Introduction: Defining the problem -- 2. Varietas delectat? The problems, sources and types of variation -- 2.1. Delineating the problem -- 2.2. Sources and types of variation -- 3. An example: Detecting and analyzing microvariation in Hungarian focus-raising -- 3.1. The data: Empirical problems -- 3.2. An experimental solution -- 3.3. Towards a theoretical analysis -- 4. Discussion and conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Appendix: Instructions to the questionnaire -- The original Hungarian version: -- The English translation: -- III. Syntactic variability, social stratification and real/apparent time -- 7. Variation and the minimalist program -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The framework -- 3. Morphosyntactic variation in Buckie -- 3.1. Was/were alternation -- 3.2. Do absence in negative declaratives -- 3.3. Summary of findings -- 4. Linking syntax and variation -- 5. Analysis -- 5.1. Was/Were alternation -- 5.2. Variability in NP agreement -- 5.3. Do-absence -- 6. Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 8. Principles and parameters in change -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Background -- 1.2. The use of corpora and statistics -- 2. Noun/pronoun splits -- 2.1. Pronouns vs. nouns -- 2.2. Case and person -- 3. Theoretical account -- 4. Principles and change: Pronouns as agreement markers -- 4.1. Shakespeare -- 4.2. BNC and HC -- 5. Parametric change is fast -- 6. Conclusion -- Notes -- References.

9. Morphosyntactic variation and theory -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Morphosyntactic variation and change -- 3. Acadian French -- 4. Third person plural marking -- 5. Degree of retention of the conservative system -- 6. The case of subject relative clauses -- 7. More subject relatives: The case of il y en a… -- 8. A formal account of third person plural marking -- 9. Comparison with other varieties of French -- 10. Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- IV. Syntactic variability across georgraphical space -- 10. Word order variation in three-verb clusters and the division of labour between generative linguistics and sociolinguistics -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Word order variation in three-verb clusters -- 2.1. Empirical findings -- 2.2. Linguistic distribution -- 2.3. Geographic distribution -- 3. Some theoretical options -- 4. Analysis -- 5. Remaining questions about geographic and individual variation -- 6. Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 11. The third dimension of person features -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The general perspective -- 2.1. Setting the problem: Se versus le -- 2.2. Further refining the problem: Vocalic clitics -- 2.3. Summary of extension patterns -- 3. Restrictions on extension -- 4. Person features in three-dimensional space -- 5. Further evidence for the feature composition -- 5.1. The peculiarity of fourth and fifth persons -- 5.2. Fourth person and impersonal: French on and Florentine si -- 6. On deriving extension patterns -- 7. Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Appendix -- Map of Italian dialects -- Index -- The series CURRENT ISSUES IN LINGUISTIC THEORY.