Colloid Science Principles, methods and applications -- Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- Acknowledgements -- List of Contributors -- 1 An Introduction to Colloids -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Basic Definitions -- 1.2.1 Concentration -- 1.2.2 Interfacial Area -- 1.2.3 Effective Concentrations -- 1.2.4 Average Separation -- 1.3 Stability -- 1.3.1 Quiescent Systems -- 1.3.2 Sedimentation or Creaming -- 1.3.3 Shearing Flows -- 1.3.4 Other Forms of Instability -- 1.4 Colloid Frontiers -- References -- 2 Charge in Colloidal Systems -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Origin of Surface Charge -- 2.2.1 Ionisation of Surface Groups -- 2.2.2 Ion Adsorption -- 2.2.3 Dissolution of Ionic Solids -- 2.2.4 Isomorphous Substitution -- 2.2.5 Potential Determining Ions -- 2.3 The Electrochemical Double Layer -- 2.3.1 The Stern-Gouy-Chapman (SGC) Model of the Double Layer -- 2.3.2 The Double Layer at the Hg/Electrolyte Interface -- 2.3.3 Specific Adsorption -- 2.3.4 Interparticle Forces -- 2.4 Electrokinetic Properties -- 2.4.1 Electrolyte Flow -- 2.4.2 Streaming Potential Measurements -- 2.4.3 Electro-osmosis -- 2.4.4 Electrophoresis -- 2.4.5 Electroacoustic Technique -- References -- 3 Stability of Charge-stabilised Colloids -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Colloidal Pair Potential -- 3.2.1 Attractive Forces -- 3.2.2 Electrostatic Repulsion -- 3.2.3 Effect of Particle Concentration -- 3.2.4 Total Potential -- 3.3 Criteria for Stability -- 3.3.1 Salt Concentration -- 3.3.2 Counter-ion Valency -- 3.3.3 Zeta Potential -- 3.3.4 Particle Size -- 3.4 Kinetics of Coagulation -- 3.4.1 Diffusion-limited Rapid Coagulation -- 3.4.2 Interaction-limited Coagulation -- 3.4.3 Experimental Determination of c.c.c. -- 3.5 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Surfactant Aggregation and Adsorption at Interfaces -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Characteristic Features of Surfactants.

4.3 Classification and Applications of Surfactants -- 4.3.1 Types of Surfactants -- 4.3.2 Surfactant Uses and Development -- 4.4 Adsorption of Surfactants at Interfaces -- 4.4.1 Surface Tension and Surface Activity -- 4.4.2 Surface Excess and Thermodynamics of Adsorption -- 4.4.3 Efficiency and Effectiveness of Surfactant Adsorption -- 4.5 Surfactant Solubility -- 4.5.1 The Krafft Temperature -- 4.5.2 The Cloud Point -- 4.6 Micellisation -- 4.6.1 Thermodynamics of Micellisation -- 4.6.2 Factors Affecting the CMC -- 4.6.3 Structure of Micelles and Molecular Packing -- 4.7 Liquid Crystalline Mesophases -- 4.7.1 Definition -- 4.7.2 Structures -- 4.7.3 Phase Diagrams -- 4.8 Advanced Surfactants -- References -- 5 Microemulsions -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Microemulsions: Definition and History -- 5.3 Theory of Formation and Stability -- 5.3.1 Interfacial Tension in Microemulsions -- 5.3.2 Kinetic Instability -- 5.4 Physicochemical Properties -- 5.4.1 Predicting Microemulsion Type -- 5.4.2 Surfactant Film Properties -- 5.4.3 Phase Behaviour -- 5.5 Developments and Applications Temperature -- 5.5.1 Microemulsions with Green and Novel Solvents -- 5.5.2 Microemulsions as Reaction Media for Nanoparticles -- References -- 6 Emulsions -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Definitions of Emulsion Type -- 6.1.2 Novel Features of Emulsion Systems, Compared to Solid/Liquid Dispersions -- 6.2 Preparation -- 6.2.1 Comminution - Batch -- 6.2.2 Comminution - Continuous -- 6.2.3 Nucleation and Growth -- 6.3 Stability -- 6.3.1 Introduction -- 6.3.2 Sedimentation and Creaming -- 6.3.3 Aggregation -- 6.3.4 Coalescence -- 6.3.5 Ostwald Ripening -- 6.3.6 Phase Inversion -- References -- 7 Polymers and Polymer Solutions -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Polymerisation -- 7.2.1 Condensation -- 7.2.2 Free Radical -- 7.2.3 Ionic Methods -- 7.3 Copolymers -- 7.4 Polymer Physical Properties.

7.4.1 Entanglements -- 7.5 Polymer Uses -- 7.6 Theoretical Models of Polymer Structure -- 7.6.1 Radius of Gyration -- 7.6.2 Worm-like Chains -- 7.6.3 Radius of Gyration in Ideal Solution -- 7.6.4 Excluded Volume -- 7.6.5 Scaling Theory: Blobs -- 7.6.6 Polyelectrolytes -- 7.7 Measuring Polymer Molecular Weight -- 7.8 Flory Huggins Theory -- 7.8.1 Polymer Solutions -- 7.8.2 Polymer Melts -- 7.8.3 Copolymers -- References -- 8 Polymers at Interfaces -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Steric Stability -- 8.1.2 The Size and Shape of Polymers in Solution -- 8.1.3 Adsorption of Small Molecules -- 8.2 Adsorption of Polymers -- 8.2.1 Configurational Entropy -- 8.2.2 The Flory Surface Parameter ws -- 8.3 Models and Simulations for Terminally Attached Chains -- 8.3.1 Atomistic Modelling -- 8.3.2 Exact Enumeration: Terminally Attached Chains -- 8.3.3 Approximate Methods: Terminally Attached Chains -- 8.3.4 Scaling Models for Terminally Attached Chains (Brushes) -- 8.3.5 Physically Adsorbed Chains: Scheutjens and Fleer Theory -- 8.3.6 Scaling Theory for Physical Adsorption -- 8.4 Experimental Aspects -- 8.4.1 Volume Fraction Profiles -- 8.4.2 Adsorption Isotherms -- 8.4.3 The Bound Fraction -- 8.4.4 The Layer Thickness -- 8.5 Copolymers -- 8.5.1 Liquid/Liquid Interfaces -- 8.6 Polymer Brushes -- 8.7 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Effect of Polymers on Colloid Stability -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Colloid Stability -- 9.1.2 Limitations of Charge Stabilisation -- 9.1.3 Effect of Polymers on Interactions -- 9.2 Particle Interaction Potential -- 9.2.1 Measuring Surface Forces -- 9.3 Steric Stabilisation -- 9.3.1 Theory -- 9.3.2 Steric Stabiliser Design -- 9.3.3 Marginal Solvents -- 9.4 Depletion Interactions -- 9.5 Bridging Interactions -- 9.6 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Wetting of Surfaces -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Surfaces and Definitions -- 10.3 Surface Tension.

10.4 Surface Energy -- 10.5 Contact Angles -- 10.6 Wetting -- 10.7 Liquid Spreading and Spreading Coefficients -- 10.8 Cohesion and Adhesion -- 10.9 Two Liquids on a Surface -- 10.10 Detergency -- 10.11 Spreading of a Liquid on a Liquid -- 10.12 Characterisation of a Solid Surface -- 10.13 Polar and Dispersive Components -- 10.14 Polar Materials -- 10.15 Wettability Envelopes -- 10.16 Measurement Methods -- 10.17 Conclusions -- References -- 11 Aerosols -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Generating and Sampling Aerosols -- 11.2.1 Generating Aerosols -- 11.2.2 Sampling Aerosol -- 11.3 Determining the Particle Concentration and Size -- 11.3.1 Determining the Number Concentration -- 11.3.2 Determining the Mass Concentration -- 11.3.3 Determining Particle Size -- 11.4 Determining Particle Composition -- 11.4.1 Off-line Analysis -- 11.4.2 Real-time Analysis -- 11.5 The Equilibrium State of Aerosols -- 11.5.1 Deliquescence and Efflorescence -- 11.5.2 K€ohler Theory -- 11.5.3 Measurements of Hygroscopic Growth -- 11.5.4 Other Phases -- 11.6 The Kinetics of Aerosol Transformation -- 11.6.1 Steady and Unsteady Mass and Heat Transfer -- 11.6.2 Uptake of Trace Species and Heterogeneous Chemistry -- 11.7 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 12 Practical Rheology -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Making Measurements -- 12.2.1 Definitions -- 12.2.2 Designing an Experiment -- 12.2.3 Geometries -- 12.2.4 Viscometry -- 12.2.5 Shear Thinning and Thickening Behaviour -- 12.3 Rheometry and Viscoelasticity -- 12.3.1 Viscoelasticity and Deborah Number -- 12.3.2 Oscillation and Linearity -- 12.3.3 Creep Compliance -- 12.3.4 Liquid and Solid Behaviour -- 12.3.5 Sedimentation and Storage Stability -- 12.4 Examples of Soft Materials -- 12.4.1 Simple Particles and Polymers -- 12.4.2 Networks and Functionalisation -- 12.4.3 Polymeric Additives -- 12.4.4 Particle Additives -- 12.5 Summary.

References -- 13 Scattering and Reflection Techniques -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 The Principle of a Scattering Experiment -- 13.3 Radiation for Scattering Experiments -- 13.4 Light Scattering -- 13.5 Dynamic Light Scattering -- 13.6 Small Angle Scattering -- 13.7 Sources of Radiation -- 13.8 Small Angle Scattering Apparatus -- 13.9 Scattering and Absorption by Atoms -- 13.10 Scattering Length Density -- 13.11 Small Angle Scattering from a Dispersion -- 13.12 Form Factor for Spherical Particles -- 13.13 Determining Particle Size from SANS and SAXS -- 13.14 Guinier Plots to Determine Radius of Gyration -- 13.15 Determination of Particle Shape -- 13.16 Polydispersity -- 13.17 Determination of Particle Size Distribution -- 13.18 Alignment of Anisotropic Particles -- 13.19 Concentrated Dispersions -- 13.20 Contrast Variation using SANS -- 13.21 High Q Limit: Porod Law -- 13.22 Introduction to X-ray and Neutron Reflection -- 13.23 Reflection Experiment -- 13.24 A Simple Example of a Reflection Measurement -- 13.25 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Optical Manipulation -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Manipulating Matter with Light -- 14.3 Force Generation in Optical Tweezers -- 14.4 Nanofabrication -- 14.5 Single Particle Dynamics -- 14.5.1 Measuring Nanometer Displacements -- 14.5.2 Brownian Fluctuations in an Optical Trap -- 14.5.3 Dynamical Complexity in Colloidal Gels -- 14.6 Conclusions -- References -- 15 Electron Microscopy -- 15.1 General Features of (Electron) Optical Imaging Systems -- 15.2 Conventional TEM -- 15.2.1 Background -- 15.2.2 Practical Aspects -- 15.2.3 Polymer Latex Particles -- 15.2.4 Core/Shell Particles -- 15.2.5 Internal Structure -- 15.3 Conventional SEM -- 15.3.1 Background -- 15.3.2 Types of Signal -- 15.3.3 Practical Aspects -- 15.4 Summary -- References -- 16 Surface Forces -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.1.1 Intermolecular Forces.

16.1.2 From Intermolecular Forces to Surface Forces.