Front Matter -- Contents -- Summary, 1 -- 1 Introduction, 13 -- 1.1 Definition of Terms, 14 -- 1.2 Background and Overview of the Challenges, 20 -- 1.3 Nuclear Fuel Cycles, 25 -- 2 Spent Nuclear Fuel and End Points, 31 -- 2.1 Spent Nuclear Fuel in the Russian Federation, 31 -- 2.2 Spent Nuclear Fuel in the United States, 38 -- 2.3 Disposition of Excess Weapons Plutonium, 48 -- 2.4 End Points, 50 -- 2.5 Fuel-Cycle Steps and End Points for Spent Nuclear Fuel, 52 -- 3 High-Level Radioactive Waste, 65 -- 3.1 High-Level Radioactive Waste in the Russian Federation, 65 -- 3.2 High-Level Radioactive Waste in the United States, 75 -- 3.3 End Points for High-Level Radioactive Waste That Is Not Spent Nuclear Fuel, 80 -- 4 Conclusions and Recommendations, 88 -- 4.1 Problems that Require Immediate Attention and Prompt Action, 92 -- 4.2 Longer-Term Research, Development, and Implementation, 96 -- 4.3 Areas for Collaboration, 102 -- References, 108 -- Appendix A: Statement of Task, 117 -- Appendix B: Acronyms and Abbreviations, 119 -- Appendix C: Committee Member Biographies, 121 -- Appendix D: Presentations and Site Visits, 125 -- Appendix E: Laws Governing Radioactive Waste of the United States and Russia.