FrontMatter -- Preface -- Contents -- Introduction--Cohen and Merrill -- Patent Quality -- Are All Patent Examiners Equal? Examiners, Patent Characteristics, and Litigation Outcomes--Cockburn, Kortum, and Stern -- Patent Examination Procedures and Patent Quality--King -- Patent Quality Control: A Comparison of U.S. Patent Re-examinations and European Patent Oppositions--Graham, Hall, Harhoff, and Mowery -- Benefits and Costs of an Opposition Process--Levin and Levin -- Patent Litigation -- Enforcement of Patent Rights in the United States--Lanjouw and Schankerman -- Patent Litigation in the U.S. Semiconductor Industry--Ziedonis -- Patents in Software and Biotechnology -- Intellectual Property Protection in the U.S. Software Industry--Graham and Mowery -- Internet Business Method Patents--Allison and Tiller -- Effects of Research Tool Patents and Licensing on Biomedical Innovation--Walsh, Arora, and Cohen.