ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE -- Copyright -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- INTRODUCTION -- ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE -- MEASURES OF EXPOSURE -- Questionnaires -- Monitoring -- Biological Markers -- IN VIVO AND IN VITRO STUDIES -- HEALTH EFFECTS -- Acute, Noxious Effects -- Respiratory Symptoms and Lung Function -- Lung Cancer -- Other Cancers -- Cardiovascular Disease -- Other Health Considerations in Children -- 1 Introduction -- DEFINITIONS -- TRENDS IN CIGARETTE USAGE -- ORGANIZATION -- REFERENCES -- I PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES OF ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE -- 2 The Physicochemical Nature of Sidestream Smoke and Environmental Tobacco Smoke -- INTRODUCTION -- SIDESTREAM SMOKE -- PRINCIPAL CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE -- RADIOACTIVITY OF ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE -- TOXIC AND CARCINOGENIC AGENTS IN TOBACCO SMOKE -- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- What Is Known -- What Scientific Information Is Missing -- REFERENCES -- 3 In Vivo and In Vitro Assays to Assess the Health Effects of Environmental Tobacco Smoke -- INTRODUCTION -- IN VIVO ASSAYS ON ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE -- Exposure Methods in Laboratory Research -- Animal Models in Inhalation Studies -- Results of Inhalation Studies -- In Vivo Bioassays Other Than Inhalation -- IN VITRO ASSAYS ON ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE -- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- What Is Known -- What Scientific Information Is Missing -- REFERENCES -- II ASSESSING EXPOSURES TO ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE -- 4 Introduction -- REFERENCE -- 5 Assessing Exposures to Environmental Tobacco Smoke in the External Environment -- TRACERS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE -- PERSONAL MONITORING -- CONCENTRATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE IN INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS -- Various Environmental Tobacco Smoke Constituents.

Particulate Levels and Smoking Occupancy -- MODELING -- Equilibrium Models for RSP -- Generation Rate -- Ventilation/Infiltration -- Removal by Surfaces -- Mixing -- Volume -- Predicting Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposures from Tobacco Combustion -- Application of Respirable Suspended Particulates Model -- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- What Is Known -- What Scientific Information Is Missing -- REFERENCES -- 6 Assessing Exposures to Environmental Tobacco Smoke Using Questionnaires -- EXPOSURE HISTORIES DERIVED FROM QUESTIONNAIRES -- ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE EXPOSURE DATA FOR STUDIES OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC HEALTH EFFECTS -- DATA QUALITY -- OTHER VARIABLES -- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- What Is Known -- What Scientific Information Is Missing -- REFERENCES -- 7 Exposure-Dose Relationships for Environmental Tobacco Smoke -- ESTIMATING DOSE -- PARTICLE SIZE -- BREATHING PATTERN -- DEPOSITION OF CIGARETTE SMOKE PARTICLES -- PARTICLE RETENTION IN THE LUNGS -- GASES IN ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE -- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- What Is Known -- What Scientific Information Is Missing -- REFERENCES -- 8 Assessing Exposures to Environmental Tobacco Smoke Using Biological Markers -- BIOLOGICAL MARKERS IN PHYSIOLOGICAL FLUIDS -- Thiocyanate -- Carbon Monoxide and Carboxyhemoglobin -- Nicotine and Cotinine -- Creatinine-Reference Compound for Urine Analysis -- Hydroxyproline -- N-Nitrosoproline -- Aromatic Amines -- GENOTOXICITY OF THE URINE -- Adducts Formed in Passive Smokers upon Exposure to ETS -- FUTURE NEEDS -- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- What Is Known -- What Scientific Information Is Missing -- REFERENCES -- III HEALTH EFFECTS POSSIBLY ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE BY NONSMOKERS -- 9 Introduction -- REFERENCE -- 10 Sensory Reactions to and Irritation Effects of Environmental Tobacco Smoke -- ODOR -- IRRITATION.

Chamber Studies -- FIELD STUDIES -- HYPERSENSITIVE INDIVIDUALS -- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- What Is Known -- Odor -- Irritation -- What Scientific Information Is Missing -- REFERENCES -- 11 Effects of Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke on Lung Function and Respiratory Symptoms -- LUNG FUNCTION AND SYMPTOMS IN ACTIVE SMOKERS -- PLAUSIBILITY FOR AN EFFECT DUE TO PASSIVE SMOKING -- METHODOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS FOR EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES -- Study Design and Analysis -- Assessing Exposure -- Assessing Respiratory Variables -- CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES -- Studies of Respiratory Symptoms in Children -- Studies of Lung Function in Children -- Studies of Lung Function in Adults -- LONGITUDINAL STUDIES OF LUNG FUNCTION IN CHILDREN AND ADULTS -- THE EFFECT OF PASSIVE SMOKING ON RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS -- WHEN DO PULMONARY EFFECTS OF PASSIVE SMOKING OCCUR? -- STUDIES OF ACUTE PULMONARY EFFECTS -- Normal Subjects -- Asthmatic Subjects -- Mechanisms of Response -- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- What Is Known -- What Scientific Information Is Missing -- REFERENCES -- 12 Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Lung Cancer -- USING BIOLOGICAL MARKERS TO ESTIMATE RISK -- ASSESSING THE RISK FROM EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES OF LUNG CANCER AND EXPOSURE TO ETS -- CORRECTIONS TO ESTIMATES FOR SYSTEMATIC ERRORS -- Misclassified Exsmokers and the Tendency for Spouses to Have Similar Smoking Habits -- Effects of Incorrectly Classifying Persons as Unexposed to ETS -- OTHER CONSIDERATIONS -- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- What Is Known -- What Scientific Information Is Missing -- REFERENCES -- 13 Cancers Other Than Lung Cancer -- SMOKING-RELATED CANCERS -- CANCERS NOT RELATED TO SMOKING -- INTERPRETATION -- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- What Is Known -- What Scientific Information Is Missing -- REFERENCES -- 14 Cardiovascular System.

ACUTE CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE EXPOSURE -- Healthy Subjects -- Angina Patients -- CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY -- Smoking and Cardiovascular Disease -- Studies of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Mortality from Cardiovascular Disease -- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- What Is Known -- What Scientific Information Is Missing -- REFERENCES -- 15 Other Health Considerations in Children -- ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE EXPOSURE BY NONSMOKING PREGNANT WOMEN -- GROWTH IN CHILDREN -- CHRONIC EAR INFECTIONS -- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- What Is Known -- What Scientific Information Is Missing -- REFERENCES -- APPENDIXES -- Appendix A: Guidelines for Public and Occupational Chemical Exposures to Materials That Are Also Found in Environmental… -- REFERENCES -- Appendix B: Method of Combining Data from Studies of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Lung Cancer -- CASE-CONTROL STUDIES -- PROSPECTIVE (OR COHORT) STUDIES -- SUMMING OVER STUDIES -- REFERENCES -- Appendix C: Adjustments to Epidemiologic Estimates of Excess Lung Cancer in Persons Exposed to Environmental Tobacco Smoke -- USING COTININE MEASUREMENTS TO CORRECT MISREPORTING -- REFERENCES -- Appendix D: Risk Assessment-Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Lung Cancer -- INTRODUCTION -- Summary of Main Results Under the Assumption That the Summary Rate Ratio of 1.3 Is Causal -- D-1 ESTIMATION OF THE TRUE RELATIVE RISK -- Method 1 -- Method 2 -- D-2 THE CARCINOGEN-EQUIVALENT NUMBER OF ACTIVELY SMOKED CIGARETTES INHALED DAILY BY PASSIVE SMOKERS: COMPARISONS OF… -- D-3 ESTIMATING THE NUMBER OF LUNG CANCER DEATHS IN NONSMOKERS IN 1985 ATTRIBUTABLE TO ETS -- D-4 LIFETIME RISK OF DEATH FROM LUNG CANCER ATTRIBUTABLE TO ETS -- Among Lifelong Nonsmokers -- Among Current and Exsmokers -- DISCUSSION -- TECHNICAL DISCUSSIONS.

Estimation of the True Relative Risk -- Method 1 -- Assumption 1b -- Estimation of d0 -- Effects of Bias -- References.