FrontMatter -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Summary -- Overview -- 1 Introduction to Technical Chapters -- 2 The Instrumental Record -- 3 Documentary and Historical Evidence -- 4 Tree Rings -- 5 Marine, Lake, and Cave Proxies -- 6 Ice Isotopes -- 7 Glacier Length and Mass Balance Records -- 8 Boreholes -- 9 Statistical Background -- 10 Climate Forcings and Climate Models -- 11 Large-Scale Multiproxy Reconstruction Techniques -- References -- Appendixes -- A Statement of Task -- B R Code for Figure 9-2 -- C Biographical Sketches of Committee Members.