Forensic Psychology -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Note -- Part I Context -- 1 Introduction -- Justice -- Expert Controversies -- Thinking about Ethics -- Developmental Perspectives -- Offender Profiling: Smoke and Mirrors? -- Witnesses -- Psychological Assessment -- Critical Psychology -- Drugs -- Justice Restored -- References -- 2 The Justice System inEngland and Wales -- What Justice Means -- The Criminal Justice System -- What Is a Crime? -- Measurement of Crime -- The Criminal Justice Process -- The Sentencing Framework -- The Criminal Courts -- Magistrates' courts -- Youth courts -- The Crown Court -- The High Court -- The Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) -- The House of Lords -- Police and Policing -- The Crown Prosecution Service -- Prisons and the Prison Service -- Probation -- Youth Justice -- Home Office -- Ministry of Justice -- Law Officers' Department -- Other National Bodies -- Some Special Subjects -- Victims of crime -- Restorative justice -- Community justice -- Race and racism -- Conclusions -- Notes -- Further Reading -- References -- 3 Community Services for Childrenand Young People -- Introduction -- Youth Justice in the UK -- Characteristics and Needs of Young People Who Offend -- Framework for Practice -- Core practice model -- Assessment -- Classification and planning interventions -- Supervision -- Interventions and Services -- Interventions focused on the individual -- interventions with a wider focus -- Summary -- Critical Debates -- Foundations and values -- Research, evaluation and evidence -- Working with young people -- Resources and Multi-Agency Working -- Partnership working -- Resources -- Conclusions -- Notes -- Further Reading -- References -- 4 Expert Testimony -- Introduction -- Who and What Is an Expert? -- The Controversial Nature of Expert Evidence -- Junk Science.

The Problem of the Ultimate Issue -- Battle of the Experts -- Alternatives and Antidotes to Adversarial Expert Testimony -- Judges -- Cross-examination -- Judicial warnings and instructions -- Amicus curiae briefs -- Court vs. party-appointed experts -- Conclusions -- Further Reading -- References -- 5 Ethical Issues in Forensic PsychologicalPolicy and Practice -- Philosophical Roots -- Ethical Guidance for Professionals -- APA ethical guidance -- The Psychological Society of Ireland (PSI) Code of Professional Ethics -- British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy - Ethical Framework for Good Practice in Counselling & Psychotherapy -- The British Psychological Society (BPS) Code of Ethics and Conduct (2006) -- Specialist BPS forensic guidance -- Power Relationships -- Conclusions -- Further Reading -- References -- Part II Evidence-based Practice -- 6 The Developmental Evidence Base: Neurobiological Research and Forensic Applications -- The Developmental Evidence Base: Neurobiological Research -- Genetics -- Neuroimaging -- Neurology -- Neuropsychology -- Verbal and spatial intelligence -- Executive functioning -- Biological versus social influences -- Psychophysiology -- Heart rate -- Skin conductance -- Electroencephalogram and event-related potentials -- Endocrinology -- Moral Development -- Nutrition -- Forensic Applications of Developmental Neurobiological Research -- Lie detection -- Legal and judicial process -- Assessment -- Conclusions -- Further Reading -- References -- 7 The Developmental Evidence Base: Prevention -- Introduction -- Risk focused prevention -- What is a risk factor? -- Cost-benefit analysis -- Family-based Prevention -- Home visiting programmes -- Parent management training -- Other parenting interventions -- Multi-systemic therapy -- Is family-based intervention effective? -- School-based Prevention.

Preschool programmes -- School programmes -- Anti-bullying programmes -- Peer Programmes -- Skills Training -- Communities That Care -- Recent UK Developments -- Conclusions -- Further Reading -- References -- 8 The Developmental Evidence Base: Psychosocial Research -- Introduction -- Individual Factors -- Temperament and personality -- Hyperactivity and impulsivity -- Low intelligence and attainment -- Low empathy -- Family Factors -- Child-rearing -- Teenage mothers and child abuse -- Parental conflict and disrupted families -- Criminal parents -- Large family size -- Social Factors -- Socio-economic deprivation -- Peer influences -- School influences -- Community influences -- Conclusions -- Further Reading -- References -- 9 The Developmental Evidence Base: Desistance -- Current State of Knowledge on Desistance -- Social predictors of desistance -- Employment -- Marriage -- Peers -- Cognitive predictors of desistance -- The role of identity change in the desistance process -- The role of cognitive deficits in the desistance process -- The interaction between social and cognitive factors -- Summary -- Unresolved Issues in Desistance Research -- Defining and measuring desistance -- False desistance -- Desistance as a process -- Within- versus between-individual predictors of desistance -- Self-selection and sequencing -- Conclusions -- Policy relevance of desistance research -- Next steps in desistance research -- Note -- Further Reading -- References -- 10 Offender Profiling -- Introduction -- Historical Development -- Current Approaches to Offender Profiling -- Diagnostic evaluation -- Criminal investigation analysis -- Crime action profiling -- Investigative psychology -- Current Developments -- Profiling Databases -- Child Abduction and Serial Murder Investigative Resources Center (CASMIRC) -- Violent Criminal Apprehension Program (ViCAP).

Violent and Sexual Offender Register (ViSOR) -- The Evidence Base for Profiling -- Practice Issues -- Conclusions -- Notes -- Further Reading -- References -- 11 Eyewitness Testimony -- Eyewitness Identification Performance: Experimental Research and the Real World -- The Witnessed Event -- Witness factors -- Perpetrator factors -- Situational factors -- Between the Witnessed Event and Identification Task -- Retention interval -- Post-event misinformation -- Intermediate Recognition Tasks -- Mugshots -- Composite production -- The Identification Task -- Pre-lineup instructions -- Lineup composition -- Investigator bias -- Lineup procedure: Comparing absolute and relative judgements -- Post-identification feedback -- Is confidence ever related to accuracy? -- Identifications from CCTV -- Is eyewitness identification evidence reliable? -- Procedural Guidelines Relating to Suspect Identification in the UK -- The Eyewitness in Court -- Conclusions -- Further Reading -- References -- 12 Children as Witnesses -- Definition of 'Memory Suggestibility' and 'False Memory' -- Factors that Affect the Suggestibility of Children's Memory -- Event knowledge -- Repeated experience -- Time delay -- Multiple interviews -- Stress and emotions -- Parental support -- Children's True and False Autobiographical Memories -- Guidelines for Effective Child Witness Interviewing -- Memorandum of Good Practice -- Achieving Best Evidence -- NICHD Investigative Protocol -- How do guidelines accommodate to the characteristics of children's memory? -- Adhering to guidelines -- Child Witnesses in Court -- Special Measures -- The Live Link on trial -- Impact of video-mediated testimonyon jurors -- Are these Special Measures enough? -- Conclusions -- References -- 13 Witness Interviewing -- Introduction -- Encoding, Storage and Retrieval -- Forgetting -- Reminiscence.

Encoding Specificity -- Suggestibility and False Memory -- Witness Interviewing in the UK -- Further Reading -- References -- 14 Victims of Crime: Towards a Psychological Perspective -- Brightening the Dark Figure: Descriptive Victimology -- Limitations of official data -- Limitations of victimisation surveys -- Risks of victimisation -- Explaining Victimisation: Between Probabilities and Blame -- Blaming the victim: Ruthless or a mode of coping? -- Risk markers are not risk factors -- Understanding interactions: Towards a prevention focus -- Recognising the Suffering: Consequences of Victimisation -- Coping with Criminal Victimisation: Towards a Theoretical Integration -- Perspectives for Intervention and Research -- Notes -- References -- 15 Jury Decision Making -- Introduction: The Jury Idea -- The Notion of an Impartial and Fair Jury: A Critical Appraisal -- Arguments against jury trials -- Arguments in favour of jury trials -- Methods for Studying Juries/Jurors -- Archival research -- Questionnaire surveys -- Mock juries -- Shadow juries -- Post-trial juror interviews -- Books by ex-jurors -- Selecting Jurors -- Pre-trial publicity -- The reported importance of juror characteristics -- Juror competence -- The Jury Foreperson -- Jury Deliberation -- Defendant characteristics -- Victim/plaintiff characteristics -- Interaction of defendant and victim characteristics -- Lawyer and judge characteristics -- Hung juries -- Models of Jury Decision Making -- Reforming the Jury to Remedy Some of Its Problems -- Alternatives to Trial by Jury -- Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- 16 Assessment -- Conceptual Issues in Assessment -- Classification -- Dimensional approaches -- Diagnosis and formulation -- Psychological Assessment -- Hypothesis formulation -- Psychodynamic theory -- Cognitive behavioural theory (CBT) -- Systemic theory.

Social inequalities theory.