Manual of Clinical Oncology -- Dedication -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- About the Editors -- Contributors -- PART 1 General principles of cancer diagnosis and management -- 1 Cancer epidemiology -- Introduction -- Study designs in cancer epidemiology -- Descriptive studies -- Analytical studies -- Global burden of cancer -- Risk factors for cancer -- Tobacco -- Alcohol -- Infections -- Obesity and physical activity -- Diet -- Reproductive and hormonal factors -- Occupation -- Pollution -- Radiation -- Genetic susceptibility -- Other factors -- Prevention and cancer control -- Conclusion -- Recommended reading -- 2 Level of evidence, guidelines and standards -- Introduction -- Clinical practice guidelines -- Clinical standards -- Levels of evidence -- Published study designs -- Clinical situations -- Creating a high-quality CPG -- Topic selection -- CPG development group -- Protocol development -- Guideline development -- Conclusions -- Recommended reading -- 3 Prognosis and classification of cancer -- Introduction -- Axes of classification and taxonomy -- The prognostic factor landscape -- Setting or 'scenario' of the patient with cancer -- Purpose of prognostic factor analysis -- Guiding individual treatment (patient care) -- Guiding research -- Facilitating cancer control -- Methodological requirements -- Study population -- Challenges in prognostic factor studies -- Statistical techniques -- Taxonomy in prognostic factor discussion -- Defining disease type and extent -- Biomarker terminology -- Unions of prognostic factors and combination treatment algorithms -- Framework for classification of prognostic factors -- Subject-based classification (tumour, host and environment) -- Clinical relevance‐based classification -- Conclusion -- Recommended reading -- 4 Principles of cancer staging -- History of the TNM system.

General rules of the TNM system -- Anatomical regions and sites -- TNM clinical classification -- Subdivisions of TNM -- Sentinel lymph node -- Isolated tumour cells -- Histopathological grading -- G: Histopathological grading -- Additional descriptors -- Operational descriptors -- Residual tumour (R) classification -- Stage grouping -- Prognostic grouping -- Stage summary -- Related classifications -- Recommended reading -- 5 Assessment of treatment outcome -- Outcome reporting: General overview -- Clinical endpoints in outcome reporting -- Measurement of effect size and competing risk -- Adjustment for the impact of multiple variables -- Outcome reporting: Specific issues -- Toxicity reporting -- Quality of life reporting -- Sample size estimation in clinical trials -- Interim analysis of clinical trials -- Adjustment for missing data in outcome reporting -- Assessment of response: General considerations and overview -- Definition of response evaluation -- Applications of tumour response assessment -- Assessment of response using anatomical methods -- Guiding principles for anatomical response evaluation -- RECIST (Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors), versions 1.0, 1.1 -- Limitations of anatomical response evaluation -- Disease‐specific response criteria -- Assessment of response using biochemical markers -- Assessment of response using methods for metabolic evaluation of tumours -- Types of assessments -- Metabolic imaging using PET with 18 F‐FDG -- Determination of response using metabolic imaging -- Assessment of response using patient‐reported outcomes -- Recommended reading -- 6 Cancer informatics -- Introduction -- Infrastructure and elements -- Electronic medical record -- Dedicated computer‐assisted intervention and information technology for cancer care -- Point‐of‐care technology -- Cancer research data infrastructure.

Data models and interoperability -- Data collection protocols -- Databases, data warehouses and beyond -- Pursuing data interoperability -- Informatics: From data to knowledge -- Informatics for medical and scientific objectives -- Informatics for operational issues -- Accessing health information -- Privacy and disclosures -- Data anonymization -- Governance of access to patient data -- Future horizons -- Patient‐ and caregiver‐managed medical data -- Decision support and learning engines -- Real world learning versus randomized clinical trials -- Summary -- Recommended reading -- 7 Imaging -- General principles -- Morphological imaging -- Functional imaging -- Site‐specific imaging studies -- Central nervous system -- Thyroid cancers -- Head and neck cancers -- Breast cancer -- Thoracic cancers -- Gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary cancers -- Musculoskeletal tumours -- Paediatric solid abdominal tumours -- Lymphomas and multiple myeloma -- Gynaecological cancers -- Urogenital cancers -- Recommended reading -- 8 Pathology -- Surgical pathology -- Clinical information -- Specimen handling -- Intraoperative consultation -- Gross evaluation -- Processing and mounting -- Histological evaluation -- Pathology reporting -- Communication between pathologist and clinician -- Cytopathology -- Collection and processing of specimens -- Screening, reporting and quality control -- Cytological methods and types of specimens -- Diagnostic haematopathology -- Molecular pathology -- DNA sequencing techniques -- Predictive and prognostic significance -- Future molecular techniques -- Conclusion -- Recommended reading -- 9 Principles of surgery -- Introduction -- Patterns of tumour spread -- Resectability and operability -- Surgical margin (R−) status -- Anticipated operative morbidity -- Perioperative risk -- Tumour behaviour.

Incorporation of surgery into multimodality treatment plans -- Curative surgical therapy and treatment sequencing -- Surgery -- Adjuvant therapy -- Neoadjuvant therapy -- Intraoperative therapies -- Non‐curative surgery for cancer -- Cancer screening and surveillance -- Diagnosis -- Cancer staging -- Palliation -- Reconstruction -- Prevention -- Surgical complications -- Quality of surgical care -- Postoperative surveillance -- New technologies -- Recommended reading -- 10 Principles of radiotherapy -- Introduction: Radiation oncology and radiation biology in the global picture of oncology -- Biological basis of radiation oncology -- Molecular and cellular radiation biology -- Tumour microenvironment -- Acute and late reactions in irradiate normal tissues -- Combination with chemotherapy and targeted agents -- General principles of radiation oncology -- Role of radiotherapy in the management of cancer -- Radiation dose prescription, reporting and recording in external beam delivery: the ICRU concepts -- Dose distributions of different radiotherapy modalities -- Brachytherapy -- Individualized radiotherapy: Adaptive and tailored -- Organization of a radiation oncology department -- Recommended reading -- 11 Principles of systemic therapy -- Types of anticancer drugs -- Cytotoxic chemotherapy -- Hormone therapy -- Molecularly targeted therapy -- Immune therapy -- Cancer gene therapy -- Strategies of systemic cancer treatment -- Adjuvant cancer therapy -- Neoadjuvant or preoperative systemic treatment -- Treatment of disseminated and/or metastatic cancer -- Selection of drugs, dosage and dose intervals -- Duration of systemic therapy -- Refractory or relapsing cancer -- Monitoring systemic therapy over time -- Route of administration of systemic therapy -- Patient co‐morbidities -- Pricing of cancer drugs and affordability of systemic therapy.

Recommended reading -- 12 Treatment in pregnancy -- Introduction -- Breast cancer during pregnancy -- Epidemiology -- Diagnosis and staging -- Treatment -- Cervical cancer during pregnancy -- Epidemiology -- Diagnosis and staging -- Treatment -- Lymphomas during pregnancy -- Epidemiology -- Diagnosis and staging -- Treatment -- Leukaemia during pregnancy -- Epidemiology -- Diagnosis and staging -- Treatment -- Malignant melanoma during pregnancy -- Epidemiology -- Diagnosis -- Treatment -- Other rare malignancies in pregnancy -- Ovarian cancer -- Lung cancer -- Soft tissue sarcoma -- Supportive care -- Nausea and vomiting -- Analgesia -- Infections -- Anaemia and leucopenia -- Bone metastases -- Conclusions -- Recommended reading -- 13 Treatment in the elderly -- Introduction -- Definition of elderly and geriatric assessment -- Surgery and the elderly -- Radiotherapy and the older cancer patient -- Implications of the ageing process for tolerance to chemotherapy -- Specific issues related to cancer treatment and its side effects in the elderly -- Febrile neutropenia -- Nausea and vomiting -- Drug-drug interactions -- Bone health -- Anaemia -- General principles of treatment of cancer in the elderly -- Conclusion -- Recommended reading -- 14 Oncology emergencies -- Superior vena cava syndrome -- Presenting symptoms -- Physical examination findings -- Diagnostics -- Treatment -- Metastasis to brain -- Presenting symptoms -- Physical examination findings -- Diagnostics -- Treatment -- Spinal cord compression -- Presenting symptoms -- Physical examination findings -- Diagnostics -- Treatment -- Neutropenic fever -- Presenting symptoms -- Physical examination findings -- Diagnostics -- Treatment -- Hypercalcaemia -- Presenting symptoms -- Physical examination findings -- Diagnostics -- Treatment -- Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion.

Presenting symptoms.