Cover -- Preface -- Contents -- Chapter 1. Thermodynamics-l -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Thermodynamics Terms and Concepts -- 1.3 Zeroth Law or Law of Thermal Equilibrium -- 1.4 First Law of Thermodynamics -- 1.5 Joule's Law -- 1.6 Joule-Thomson's Effect (Adiabatic Expansion of a Real Gas) -- 1.7 Joule-Thomson Coefficient -- 1.8 Some Useful Relations for Ideal Gases -- 1.9 Thermochemistry -- 1.10 Heat of Reaction -- 1.11 Thermochemical Equations -- 1.12 Thermochemical Laws -- 1.13 Different Types of Heats of Reaction -- 1.14 Bond Energies or Bond Enthalpies -- Questions -- Chapter 2. Thermodynamics-ll -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Spontaneous Process -- 2.3 Entropy and Spontaneity Reactions -- 2.4 Carnot Cycle -- 2.5 Carnot Cycle and the Entropy -- 2.6 Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics -- 2.7 Combination of First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics: A Very Useful Thermodynamic Relation -- 2.8 Third Law of Thermodynamics -- 2.9 Free Energy Functions--The Need for New Functions -- 2.10 Prediction of Feasibility of Chemical Reactions -- 2.11 Gibbs Free Energy and Chemical Equilibrium -- 2.12 Van't Hoff's Isotherm Equation in Terms of H -- 2.13 Clausius-Clapeyron Equation -- 2.14 Thermodynamic Equations of State -- 2.15 Statistical Thermodynamics -- Questions -- Chapter 3. Solutions -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Ways of Expressing Concentrations of Solutions: Some Definitions -- 3.3 Solutions of Gases In Liquids -- 3.4 Solutions of Liquids in Liquids -- 3.5 Completely Miscible Liquids -- 3.6 Partially Miscible Liquid Mixtures -- 3.7 Effect of Impurities of Critical Solution Temperature -- 3.8 Study of Immiscible Liquids -- 3.9 Thermodynamic Properties of Solution: Partial Molar Quantities -- 3.10 Colligative Properties of Solutions -- 3.11 Vapor Pressure Lowering -- 3.12 Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure.

3.13 Elevation in Boiling Point and Depression in Freezing Point of a Solution -- 3.14 Colligative Properties of Electrolytes -- Questions -- Chapter 4. Phase Equilibria, Phase Diagrams and Distribution Law -- 4.1 Gibbs Phase Rule -- 4.2 Thermodynamic Derivation of the Phase Rule -- 4.3 Phase Diagrams -- 4.4 One Component System -- 4.5 Phase Diagram of Water -- 4.6 Sulphur System -- 4.7 Helium System -- 4.8 Phase Diagram of Carbon Dioxide -- 4.9 Phase Diagram of Carbon -- 4.10 Phase Equilibria in Two Component Systems (Binary Systems) -- 4.11 Simple Binary Eutectic Phase Diagram -- 4.12 Phase Diagram Showing Congruent Melting Point -- 4.13 Phase Diagram Showing Incongruent Melting Point, or Peritectic Point -- 4.14 Monotectic Type Phase Diagram -- 4.15 Phase-Transformations in Solids -- 4.16 Ubbelohde's Classification -- 4.17 Distribution Law -- 4.18 Determination of Equilibrium Constant -- Questions -- Chapter 5. Chemical Equilibrium -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Reversible Reactions -- 5.3 Law of Mass Action -- 5.4 Types of Equilibrium Constant -- 5.5 Thermodynamic Derivation of the Law of Chemical Equilibrium -- 5.6 Relationship Between Kp and Kc -- 5.7 Equilibrium Constant in Terms of Mole Fraction (Kx) and Its Relation with Kp -- 5.8 Types of Chemical Equilibria -- 5.9 Effect of Temperature on Equilibrium Constant -- 5.10 Effect of Pressure on Equilibrium Constant -- 5.11 The Le Chatelier's Principle -- 5.12 Clapeyron Equation -- Questions -- Chapter 6. Photochemistry -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Interaction of Radiation with Matter -- 6.3 Laws of Photochemistry -- 6.4 Quantum Efficiency or Quantum Yield -- 6.5 Primary and Secondary Processes -- 6.6 Photochemical Reactions -- 6.7 Energy Transfer in Photochemical Reactions-Photosensitization -- 6.8 Photosynthesis -- 6.9 Chemiluminescence -- Questions -- Chapter 7. Electrochemistry-l.

7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Electrolytic Conductance -- 7.3 Electrolysis -- 7.4 Faraday's Laws of Electrolysis -- 7.5 Measurement of Electrical Conductance of Electrolyte Solutions -- 7.6 Variation of Conductance with Dilution -- 7.7 The Independent Migration of Ions (Kohlrausch's Law of Independent Migration) -- 7.8 Theories of Electrolytic Dissociation -- 7.9 Ostwald's Dilution Law -- 7.10 Conductance of Strong Electrolyte Solutions -- 7.11 Ionic Migration and Transport Number -- 7.12 Experimental Determination of Transport Numbers -- 7.13 Kohlrausch's Law of Independent Migration of Ions -- Questions -- Chapter 8. Electrochemistry-II -- 8.1 Electrochemical Cells -- 8.2 Reversible and Irreversible Cells -- 8.3 Thermodynamics of Reversible Cells and Reversible Electrodes -- 8.4 E.M.F and Equilibrium Constant of Cell Reaction -- 8.5 Electrode Potentials -- 8.6 Electrochemical Series and Feasible Cell Reactions -- 8.7 The E.M.F of Electrochemical Cell and Its Measurement -- 8.8 Concentration Cells -- 8.9 Applications of EMF Measurements -- 8.10 Electrode Processes -- 8.11 Polarization -- 8.12 Polarography -- 8.13 Acids and Bases -- 8.14 Ionic Product of Water -- 8.15 The ph of Solutions -- 8.16 Indicators -- 8.17 Salt Hydrolysis -- 8.18 Corrosion -- Questions -- Chapter 9. Molecular Spectroscopy -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Wave Properties of Electromagnetic Radiations -- 9.3 Electromagnetic Spectral Range -- 9.4 Energy of Molecules and Born-Oppenheimer Approximation -- 9.5 Types of Molecular Spectra -- 9.6 Rotational Spectra (Microwave Spectroscopy) -- 9.7 Infrared Spectroscopy -- 9.8 Raman Spectroscopy -- 9.9 Ultraviolet and Visible Spectroscopy -- 9.10 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy -- 9.11 Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy -- Questions -- Chapter 10. Surface Chemistry-Adsorption and Surface Topography.

10.1 Introduction to Molecular Adsorption -- 10.2 Adsorption of Gases by Solids -- 10.3 The Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm -- 10.4 The Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm -- 10.5 Variation of Surface Coverage with Temperature and Pressure -- 10.6 Physical Significance of Constant K1 -- 10.7 The Bet Adsorption Isotherm -- 10.8 Surface topography -- 10.9 Surface Growth -- 10.10 Surface Composition -- 10.11 High Vacuum Technique for Cleaning Solid Surfaces -- 10.12 Techniques to Determine the Adsorbed Molecules on Solid Surface -- Questions -- Chapter 11. Diffraction Techniques -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 An Optical Grating and Diffraction of Light -- 11.3 Absorption and Scattering of X-Ray -- 11.4 X-Ray Diffraction from Crystals -- 11.5 Production of X-Rays -- 11.6 Bragg's Law of X-Rays Diffraction -- 11.7 Methods in X-Ray Crystallography -- 11.8 The Powder Method -- 11.9 Indexing and Determination of Lattice Parameters of a Unit Cell -- 11.10 Determination of Lattice Parameter of a Unit Cell of NaCl Crystal -- 11.11 Graphical Method of Indexing -- 11.12 Auto Indexing -- 11.13 Rietveld Analysis -- 11.14 Determination of Particle Size of Crystallites -- 11.15 Laue Method -- 11.16 Rotation Photograph Method -- 11.17 The Moving Film Methods -- 11.18 Single Crystal and Phase Determination Methods -- 11.19 The Heavy-Atom Method -- 11.20 Neutron Diffraction -- 11.21 Difference Between X-Ray and Neutron Diffraction -- 11.22 Electron Diffraction -- 11.23 Theory of Electron Diffraction from Gases Wierl Equation -- 11.24 Low Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED) -- Index.