Responsive Membranes and Materials -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- 1 Oligonucleic Acids ("Aptamers") for Designing Stimuli-Responsive Membranes -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Aptamers - Structure, Function, Incorporation, and Selection -- 1.3 Characterization Techniques for Aptamer-Target Interactions -- 1.3.1 Measuring Overall Structural Changes of Aptamers Using QCM-D -- 1.3.2 Measuring Overall Structural Changes of Aptamers Using DPI -- 1.4 Aptamers - Applications -- 1.4.1 Electromechanical Gates -- 1.4.2 Stimuli-Responsive Nucleic Acid Gates in Nanoparticles -- 1.4.3 Stimuli-Responsive Aptamer Gates in Nanoparticles -- 1.4.4 Stimuli-Responsive Aptamer-Based Gating Membranes -- 1.5 Outlook -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 Emerging Membrane Nanomaterials - Towards Natural Selection of Functions -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Ion-Pair Conduction Pathways in Liquid and Hybrid Membranes -- 2.3 Dynamic Insidepore Resolution Towards Emergent Membrane Functions -- 2.4 Dynameric Membranes and Materials -- 2.4.1 Constitutional Hybrid Materials -- 2.4.2 Dynameric Membranes Displaying Tunable Properties on Constitutional Exchange -- 2.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Carbon Nanotube Membranes as an Idealized Platform for Protein Channel Mimetic Pumps -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Experimental Understanding of Mass Transport Through CNTs -- 3.2.1 Ionic Diffusion and Gatekeeper Activity -- 3.2.2 Gas and Fluid Flow -- 3.3 Electrostatic Gatekeeping and Electro-osmotic Pumping -- 3.3.1 Biological Gating -- 3.4 CNT Membrane Applications -- 3.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 Synthesis Aspects in the Design of Responsive Membranes -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Responsive Mechanisms -- 4.3 Responsive Polymers -- 4.3.1 Temperature-Responsive Polymers.

4.3.2 Polymers that Respond to pH, Ionic Strength, Light -- 4.4 Preparation of Responsive Membranes -- 4.5 Polymer Processing into Membranes -- 4.5.1 Solvent Casting -- 4.5.2 Phase Inversion -- 4.6 In Situ Polymerization -- 4.6.1 Radiation-Based Methods -- 4.6.2 Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (IPNs) -- 4.7 Surface Modification Using Stimuli-Responsive Polymers -- 4.8 "Grafting to" Methods -- 4.8.1 Physical Adsorption - Non-covalent -- 4.8.2 Chemical Grafting - Covalent -- 4.8.3 Surface Entrapment - Non-covalent, Physically Entangled -- 4.9 "Grafting from" - a.k.a. Surface-Initiated Polymerization -- 4.9.1 Photo-Initiated Polymerization -- 4.9.2 Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization -- 4.9.3 Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization -- 4.9.4 Other Grafting Methods -- 4.9.5 Summary of "Grafting from" Methods -- 4.10 Future Directions -- References -- 5 Tunable Separations, Reactions, and Nanoparticle Synthesis in Functionalized Membranes -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Membrane Functionalization -- 5.2.1 Chemical Modification -- 5.2.2 Surface Initiated Membrane Modification -- 5.2.3 Cross-Linked Hydrogel (Pore Filled) Membranes -- 5.2.4 Layer by Layer Assemblies -- 5.3 Applications -- 5.3.1 Water Flux Tunability -- 5.3.2 Tunable Separation of Salts -- 5.3.3 Charged-Polymer Multilayer Assemblies for Environmental Applications -- 5.4 Responsive Membranes and Materials for Catalysis and Reactions -- 5.4.1 Iron-Functionalized Responsive Membranes -- 5.4.2 Responsive Membranes for Enzymatic Catalysis -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Responsive Membranes for Water Treatment -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Fabrication of Responsive Membranes -- 6.2.1 Functionalization by Incubation in Liquids -- 6.2.2 Functionalization by Incorporation of Responsive Groups in the Base Membrane -- 6.2.3 Surface Modification of Existing Membranes.

6.3 Outlook -- References -- 7 Functionalization of Polymeric Membranes and Feed Spacers for Fouling Control in Drinking Water Treatment Applications -- 7.1 Membrane Filtration -- 7.2 Fouling -- 7.3 Improving Membrane Performance -- 7.3.1 Plasma Treatment -- 7.3.2 Ultraviolet (UV) Irradiation -- 7.3.3 Membrane Modification by Graft Polymerization -- 7.3.4 Ion Beam Irradiation -- 7.4 Design and Surface Modifications of Feed Spacers for Biofouling Control -- 7.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Pore-Filled Membranes as Responsive Release Devices -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Responsive Pore-Filled Membranes -- 8.3 Development and Characterization of PVDF-PAA Pore-Filled pH-Sensitive Membranes -- 8.3.1 Membrane Gel Incorporation (Mass Gain) -- 8.3.2 Membrane pH Reversibility -- 8.3.3 Membrane Water Flux as pH Varied from 2 to 7.5 -- 8.3.4 Effects of Gel Incorporation on Membrane Pure Water Permeabilities at pH Neutral and Acidic -- 8.3.5 Estimation and Calculation of Pore Size -- 8.4 pH-Sensitive Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride)-Poly(Acrylic Acid) Pore-Filled Membranes for Controlled Drug Release in Ruminant Animals -- 8.4.1 Determination of Membrane Diffusion Permeability (PS) for Salicylic Acid -- 8.4.2 Applicability of the Fabricated Pore-Filled Membranes on the Salicylic Acid Release and Retention -- References -- 9 Magnetic Nanocomposites for Remote Controlled Responsive Therapy and in Vivo Tracking -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Nanocomposite Polymers -- 9.1.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles -- 9.2 Applications of Magnetic Nanocomposite Polymers -- 9.2.1 Thermal Actuation -- 9.2.2 Thermal Therapy -- 9.2.3 Mechanical Actuation -- 9.2.4 In Vivo Tracking and Applications -- 9.3 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 10 The Interactions between Salt Ions and Thermo-Responsive Poly (N-Isopropylacrylamide) from Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Computational Details -- 10.3 Results and Discussion -- 10.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 11 Biologically-Inspired Responsive Materials: Integrating Biological Function into Synthetic Materials -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Biomimetics in Biotechnology -- 11.3 Hinge-Motion Binding Proteins -- 11.4 Calmodulin -- 11.5 Biologically-Inspired Responsive Membranes -- 11.6 Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogels -- 11.7 Micro/Nanofabrication of Hydrogels -- 11.8 Mechanical Characterization of Hydrogels -- 11.9 Creep Properties of Hydrogels -- 11.10 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 12 Responsive Colloids with Controlled Topology -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Inert Core/Responsive Shell Particles -- 12.3 Responsive Core/Responsive Shell Particles -- 12.4 Hollow Particles -- 12.5 Janus Particles -- 12.6 Summary -- References -- 13 Novel Biomimetic Polymer Gels Exhibiting Self-Oscillation -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 The Design Concept of Self-Oscillating Gel -- 13.3 Aspects of the Autonomous Swelling-Deswelling Oscillation -- 13.4 Design of Biomimetic Actuator Using Self-Oscillating Polymer and Gel -- 13.4.1 Ciliary Motion Actuator (Artificial Cilia) -- 13.4.2 Self-Walking Gel -- 13.4.3 Theoretical Simulation of the Self-Oscillating Gel -- 13.5 Mass Transport Surface Utilizing Peristaltic Motion of Gel -- 13.6 Self-Oscillating Polymer Chains and Microgels as "Nanooscillators" -- 13.6.1 Solubility Oscillation of Polymer Chains -- 13.6.2 Self-Flocculating/Dispersing Oscillation of Microgels -- 13.6.3 Viscosity Oscillation of Polymer Solution and Microgel Dispersion -- 13.6.4 Attempts of Self-Oscillation under Acid- and Oxidant-Free Physiological Conditions -- 13.7 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Electroactive Polymer Soft Material Based on Dielectric Elastomer.

14.1 Introduction to Electroactive Polymers -- 14.1.1 Development History -- 14.1.2 Classification -- 14.1.3 Electronic Electroactive Polymers -- 14.1.4 Ionic Electroactive Polymers -- 14.1.5 Electroactive Polymer Applications -- 14.1.6 Application of Dielectric Elastomers -- 14.1.7 Manufacturing the Main Structure of Actuators Using EAP Materials -- 14.1.8 The Current Problem for EAP Materials and their Prospects -- 14.2 Materials of Dielectric Elastomers -- 14.2.1 The Working Principle of Dielectric Elastomers -- 14.2.2 Material Modification of Dielectric Elastomer -- 14.2.3 Dielectric Elastomer Composite -- 14.3 The Theory of Dielectric Elastomers -- 14.3.1 Free Energy of Dielectric Elastomer Electromechanical Coupling System -- 14.3.2 Special Elastic Energy -- 14.3.3 Special Electric Field Energy -- 14.3.4 Incompressible Dielectric Elastomer -- 14.3.5 Model of Several Dielectric Elastomers -- 14.4 Failure Model of a Dielectric Elastomer -- 14.4.1 Electrical Breakdown -- 14.4.2 Electromechanical Instability and Snap-Through Instability -- 14.4.3 Loss of Tension -- 14.4.4 Rupture by Stretching -- 14.4.5 Zero Electric Field Condition -- 14.4.6 Super-Electrostriction Deformation of a Dielectric Elastomer -- 14.5 Converter Theory of Dielectric Elastomer -- 14.5.1 Principle for Conversion Cycle -- 14.5.2 Plane Actuator -- 14.5.3 Spring-Roll Dielectric Elastomer Actuator -- 14.5.4 Tube-Type Actuator -- 14.5.5 Film-Spring System -- 14.5.6 Energy Harvester -- 14.5.7 The Non-Linear Vibration of a Dielectric Elastomer Ball -- 14.5.8 Folded Actuator -- References -- 15 Responsive Membranes/Material-Based Separations: Research and Development Needs -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Water Treatment -- 15.3 Biological Applications -- 15.4 Gas Separation and Additional Applications -- References -- Index -- Supplemental Images.