Contents -- Contributors -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- I Epidemiology and Technology -- 1 HIV Epidemiology: Recent Trends and Lessons -- Improved Surveillance -- From Epidemiology to Interventions: What Is Working? -- Conclusions -- References -- 2 The Evolution of HIV/AIDS Programs: Recent and Ongoing Developments in Selected Areas -- Prevention -- Treatment -- Monitoring and Evaluation -- Summary of Implications -- References -- II Economic Aspects and Economic Policy Issues -- 3 Links between HIV/AIDS and Development -- How May HIV/AIDS Affect Development? Main Theoretical Channels -- Empirical Evidence -- Concluding Remarks -- Notes -- References -- 4 Demographic and Socioeconomic Patterns of HIV/AIDS Prevalence in Africa -- Methodological Issues -- (Un)Established Links between Socioeconomic Status and HIV -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 5 HIV/AIDS and Social Capital in a Cross-Section of Countries -- Links between Social Capital and Development -- Social Capital and HIV/AIDS -- The Empirical Model -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 6 Fiscal Space and the Sustainability of HIV/AIDS Programs in Sub-Saharan Africa -- Financing HIV/AIDS Expenditures and the Challenges of Scaling Up Aid -- Fiscal Space, Sustainability, and HIV/AIDS Programs -- Country Case Studies -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- III Policy Challenges -- 7 The Financial Architecture of the Response to the HIV Epidemic: Challenges and Sustainability Issues -- Summary -- The Response to HIV and the Mobilization of Resources -- The Proliferation of Global Programs -- The Way Forward -- Notes -- References -- 8 Impact of and Response to HIV/AIDS: Public Policy Challenges -- Overview of the Global AIDS Epidemic -- Effect of HIV/AIDS and the Government's Capacities -- Scaling Up the Response to HIV/AIDS -- Conclusions -- Notes -- References.

9 Gender and HIV/AIDS -- Gender-Based Vulnerability to HIV/AIDS -- Institutional Responses, Strategies, and Actions -- Good Practices and Promising Approaches -- Conceptual and Institutional Challenges for Gender Mainstreaming -- Looking Ahead: A Poverty-Focused Strategic Approach -- Notes -- References -- 10 The Private Sector and HIV/AIDS in Africa: Recent Developments and Implications for Policy -- Impact on and Response to HIV by Employers -- Lessons for Policy -- Notes -- References -- 11 Community Initiatives and HIV/AIDS -- What Are Community Initiatives? -- HIV/AIDS Services Provided at the Community Level -- Benefits and Characteristics of Community Initiatives -- Challenges and Constraints in Scaling Up Community Initiatives -- Recommendations for External Funding Agencies -- Note -- References -- IV Strengthening National Health Systems -- 12 HIV/AIDS and Human Resources for Health -- Demand for Health Workers in Sub-Saharan Africa -- Supply and Performance of Health Workers in Sub-Saharan Africa -- Impact of HIV/AIDS on the Health Worker Shortage in Africa -- Reducing the Demand for and Increasing the Supply of Health Workers -- Need for Supportive and Enabling Fiscal and Political Environments -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 13 Linkages between HIV/AIDS, Sexual and Reproductive Health, Tuberculosis, and Nutrition -- Linking Sexual Reproductive Health and HIV/AIDS Programs -- Linking Tuberculosis and HIV Programs -- Linking Nutrition and HIV/AIDS Programs -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 14 Strengthening Health Systems: The Role of Supply Chains in Addressing the HIV Epidemic -- Characteristics of HIV and Public Health Supply Chains -- Problems with Healthcare Supply Chain Systems -- Review of the Approaches of Addressing Supply Chains -- Framework for Planning a Comprehensive Improvement in Supply Chains -- Conclusion.

Notes -- References -- V Future -- 15 The Potential Impact of HIV/AIDS Interventions on the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in Africa: A Simulation for the World Bank -- Current Status of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic -- Description of Scenarios -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Notes -- References -- Index -- Boxes -- 7.1 OECD HIV/AIDS Database -- 7.2 The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria -- 7.3 UNITAID -- 9.1 Empowering Women in The Gambia -- 9.2 Targeting High-Risk Groups in Zambia with Gender-Relevant Interventions -- 9.3 Adopting a Community-Based Participatory Approach in Cameroon -- 9.4 Gender-Sensitive Indicators for HIV/AIDS Programs -- 11.1 The Gambia MAP Experience -- 11.2 Saving Lives in Ethiopia: The Critical Role of FBOs -- 11.3 The Case of Uganda: Challenges in Attributing Success -- 11.4 Benefits of Community Sector Involvement for National Response to HIV/AIDS -- 12.1 HIV-Related Task Shifting in Sub-Saharan Africa -- Figures -- 1.1 Most Recent Antenatal and Population-Based Estimates of HIV Prevalence in Selected Countries -- 1.2 Sub-Saharan Africa HIV Adult (15-49) Prevalence Rate, 2007 -- 1.3 Global HIV Adult (15-49) Prevalence Rate, 2007 -- 1.4 HIV Transmission Dynamics in Accra, Ghana -- 1.5 HIV Transmission Dynamics in Nairobi, Kenya -- 1.6 HIV Transmission Dynamics in Zambia -- 1.7 HIV Prevalence among Pregnant Women in Kenya, 1990-2006 -- 1.8 Behavior Change in Kenya, 1998-2003 -- 1.9 HIV Prevalence among 15- to 19-Year-Old Pregnant Women in Uganda -- 1.10 Behavior Change in Uganda, 1989-95 -- 1.11 Behavior Change in Manicaland, Zimbabwe, 1998-2003 -- 1.12 Behavior Change and HIV Prevalence in Cambodia, 1997-2001 -- 1.13 HIV Prevalence in India, 2000-2004 -- 1.14 Behavior Change and Declining HIV Prevalence in Thailand, 1989-98 -- 2.1 Timing of Mother-to-Child Transmission.

2.2 Antiretroviral Drug Approval by the FDA, 1987-2007 -- 3.1 Adult Mortality 1960-2002, by Region -- 3.2 Life Expectancy at Birth, 1960-2004, by Region -- 3.3 Ratio of Selected Development Indicators in Countries with High Prevalence of HIV/AIDS to Average Indicators in Sub-Saharan Africa -- 4.1 HIV Prevalence and Share of Population with Secondary Education, by Age Group, 1989-90 -- 4.2 GNI per Capita and HIV Prevalence among 34 Sub-Saharan African Countries -- 6.1 External Resources as a Percentage of Total Health Expenditures in Selected Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2003 -- 6.2 Expenditures by Private Prepaid Plans as a Percentage of Private Expenditures on Health in Selected Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2003 -- 6.3 Control of Corruption Indicators in Selected Sub-Saharan African Countries, 2006 -- 6.4 Government Expenditures on Health as a Percentage of Total Government Expenditures in Botswana, 1998-2004 -- 6.5 Government Wage Bill as Share of Recurrent Budget in Botswana, 1994-2007 -- 6.6 Tax Revenue as a Percentage of GDP in Botswana, 1984-2008 -- 6.7 Botswana: Central Government Debt-to-GDP Ratio, 1982 to 2008 -- 6.8 Debt Service as a Percentage of Exports in Botswana, 1982-2003 -- 6.9 Net Official Development Assistance as a Percentage of GDP in Ethiopia, 1981-2003 -- 6.10 Government Expenditures on Health as Percent of Total Government Expenditures in Ethiopia, 1998-2004 -- 6.11 Government Wage Bill as Share of Recurrent Budget in Ethiopia, 1982-2004 -- 6.12 Tax Revenue as a Percentage of GDP in Ethiopia, 1981-2005 -- 6.13 Central Government Debt-to-GDP Ratio in Ethiopia, 1983-2005 -- 6.14 Debt Service as a Percentage of Exports in Ethiopia, 1982-2004 -- 6.15 Net Official Development Assistance as a Share of GDP in Malawi, 1980-2003.

6.16 Government Expenditures on Health as Percentage of Total Government Expenditures in Malawi, 1998-2004 -- 6.17 Government Wage Bill as Share of Recurrent Budget, 1980-2007 -- 6.18 Malawi: Tax Revenue as Percent of GDP, 1980-2009 -- 6.19 Actual and Projected Central Government Debt-to-GDP Ratio in Malawi, 1993-2009 -- 6.20 Debt Service as a Percentage of Exports in Malawi, 1980-2002 -- 7.1 Net Disbursements of Official Development Assistance to Developing Countries, 1970-2006 -- 7.2 Total Annual Resources Available for HIV/AIDS, 1998-2007 -- 7.3 Bilateral and Multilateral Assistance for HIV/AIDS by DAC Countries, 2003-07 -- 7.4 Percentage of Health and Population Donor Commitments, 1998-2006 -- 7.5 Commitments for Health and Population by Subsectors in 2006 Dollars, 1998-2006 -- 7.6 Most Important Development Issues in 12 African Countries, 2000-2005 -- 7.7 Country Progress in Improving the Quality of the Three Ones -- 8.1 HIV Prevalence and Number of People Living with HIV/AIDS, 2001-07 -- 8.2 Ten Countries Account for Most of Increase in Number of People Living with HIV/AIDS between 2001 and 2007 -- 8.3 Percentage of Orphans by Age Consistent with Average Orphan Rate of 15 Percent among the Population under Age 17 -- 8.4 Deaths among Civil Servants in Malawi, by Age and Gender, 1990-2000 -- 8.5 Projected Number of Pension Recipients by Pension Type, 2005 -- 8.6 Availability of Health Personnel and Access to Treatment in Selected Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2003 -- 8.7 Correlation between High HIV Prevalence Rates and Access to ART -- 9.1 Estimated Ratio of Female to Male HIV/AIDS Prevalence Rates among 15- to 24-Year-olds in Sub-Saharan Africa, by Country -- 11.1 HIV/AIDS Services Provided by 96 FBOs in South Africa -- 11.2 Cost Comparisons between Different Community Initiatives in South Africa -- 11.3 Time Allocation across Initiatives.

12.1 Health Workers per 1,000 People, by World Region, 2004.