Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface to the first edition -- Preface to the second edition -- Part 1 Evolution of biological concepts -- Chapter 1 Biological basis of orthodontic tooth movement: An historical perspective -- Introduction -- Orthodontic treatment in the ancient world, the Middle Ages, and through the Renaissance period: Mechanics, but few biological considerations -- Orthodontic treatment during the Industrial Revolution: Emergence of identification of biological factors -- Orthodontic tooth movement in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries: From light microscopy to tissue engineering and stem cells -- Conclusions and the road ahead -- References -- Chapter 2 Biology of orthodontic tooth movement: The evolution of hypotheses and concepts -- Introduction -- Hypotheses about the biological nature of OTM: The conceptual evolution -- Bioelectric signals in orthodontic tooth movement -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 Cellular and molecular biology behind orthodontic tooth movement -- Introduction -- Orthodontic versus orofacial orthopedic force -- Optimal orthodontic force -- Optimal force versus optimal stress and strain -- Tissue reactions following a variety of force applications -- Cellular and molecular biology as major determinants of the outcome of orthodontic treatment -- Phases of tooth movement -- Pathways of tooth movement -- Age-related changes in paradental tissues and their relation to tooth-moving forces -- Conclusions -- References -- Part 2 Mechanics meets biology -- Chapter 4 The effects of mechanical loading on hard and soft tissues and cells -- Introduction -- Mechanobiology -- Mechanotransduction in bone tissue -- Mechanotransduction in periodontal tissues -- The role of marginal gingiva in orthodontic tooth movement.

Marginal gingiva is the mechanosensor of the periodontium -- ATP-purinoreceptors are mechanosensors in marginal gingiva -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5 Biological aspects of bone growth and metabolism in orthodontics -- Introduction -- Basic concepts of bone growth and development -- Genetic mechanisms for environment adaptation -- Factors influencing bone remodeling and modeling -- Cortical bone remodeling -- Trabecular bone remodeling -- Growth and development of facial bones -- Temporomandibular joint development and mature TMJ adaptation -- Tooth movement and bone modeling -- Dentofacial orthopedics and bone modeling -- Calcium metabolism and tooth movement -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 6 Mechanical load, sex hormones, and bone modeling -- Introduction -- Osteoblast/osteocyte differentiation and function -- Osteocytes -- Osteoclast differentiation and function -- Sex hormone receptors -- Osteoblastic and osteocytic response to load-induced modeling -- Osteoclast response to load-induced modeling -- Role of sex hormones for the osteogenic effect of loading -- Sex hormones and orthodontic tooth movement -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 7 Biological reactions to temporary anchorage devices -- Introduction -- Clinical factors in the success of TADs -- Mechanical analysis using finite element models -- Histological reactions -- Inflammatory reactions -- Conclusions -- References -- Part 3 Inflammation and tooth-moving orthodontic forces -- Chapter 8 Oral and periodontal microbiology and orthodontic treatment: Changes, effects, and alterations -- Introduction -- Short-term effects: Changes during orthodontic therapy -- Long-term effects: Changes after orthodontic therapy -- Influence of bracket system -- Importance of oral hygiene -- Conclusion -- References.

Chapter 9 The role of inflammation in defining the type and pattern of tissue response in orthodontic tooth movement -- Introduction -- Inflammation during tooth movement -- Inflammatory mediators in orthodontic tooth movement -- Response of dental pulp to mechanical forces -- Pain during orthodontic tooth movement -- Root resorption and inflammation -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10 Markers of paradental tissue remodeling in the gingival crevicular fluid and saliva of orthodontic patients -- Why study oral fluids? -- What is known about markers in oral fluids during orthodontic tooth movement? -- What is needed for improved diagnostic trials of markers in oral fluids during orthodontic treatment? -- Variables associated with the collection and analysis of GCF -- The future -- Conclusions -- References -- Part 4 Personalized diagnosis and treatment based upon genomic criteria -- Chapter 11 Genetic influences on orthodontic tooth movement -- Introduction -- Tissue reactions to application of mechanical forces -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12 Personalized orthodontics: Limitations and possibilities in orthodontic practice -- Introduction -- Progression in DNA analysis technology and effect on clinical research and practice -- Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) -- Next generation ("deep") sequencing -- Personalized orthodontics -- Support of next-generation sequencing, other genetic studies and the utility of their application in orthodontics -- Supplemental material -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 13 The effect of drugs and diet on orthodontic tooth movement -- Introduction -- Prostaglandins (PGs) and analogues -- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs -- Antiresorptive agents -- Asthma medications -- Corticosteroids -- Antihistamines -- Statins: Cholesterol lowering drugs -- Alcohol use -- Nicotine use.

Drugs inducing gingival enlargement -- Anticholinergic drugs -- Psychiatric drugs -- Hormonal influences on tooth movement -- Effects of vitamins, minerals, and diet on tooth movement -- Vitamins -- Minerals -- Fluoride -- Lipids -- Drugs decreasing root resorption -- Conclusions -- References -- Part 5 Rapid orthodontics -- Chapter 14 Biologic orthodontics: Methods to accelerate or decelerate orthodontic tooth movement -- Introduction -- Accelerating tooth movement: pharmacological approaches -- Physical approaches -- Surgical approaches -- Methods to decelerate tooth movement -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 15 Corticotomy and postmodern incarnations of surgically facilitated orthodontic therapy (SFOT) -- Introduction -- A brief history of SFOT -- Tissue dynamics: The alveolus as a viscoelastic solid -- Cell-level biology -- From mechanical stimulus to clinical bone formation -- Conclusion -- References -- Part 6 Long-term effects of tooth-moving forces -- Chapter 16 Mechanical and biological determinants of iatrogenic injuries in orthodontics -- Introduction -- Intraoral iatrogenic effects -- Gingival effects -- Periodontal changes and alveolar bone loss -- Tooth-related changes -- Soft tissue irritation -- Cytotoxicity and allergic reactions -- Extra-oral iatrogenic effects -- Systemic risks -- Pain -- Swallowing or inhalation of small parts -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 17 The biological background of relapse of orthodontic tooth movement -- Introduction -- Relapse, physiologic recovery or aging? -- The process of relapse -- Histological changes during relapse -- Collagen fibers of the periodontium and relapse -- Conclusions -- References -- Part 7 Tooth-movement research -- Chapter 18 Controversies in tooth-movement research -- Introduction -- Optimal orthodontic force-does it exist?.

Is tooth movement inflammatory or a mechanotransduction process? -- How far are biomarkers useful in validating orthodontic tooth movement? -- NSAIDS will slow down tooth movement! -- Can we accelerate tooth movement by any means? -- Long-term benefits versus costs of orthodontic treatment -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 19 Planning and executing tooth-movement research -- Introduction -- The scientific method -- Evidence generation -- Methodologies for tooth-movement research -- Studying mechanobiology -- Research directions in orthodontic tooth-movement biology -- Conclusions -- References -- Index -- EULA.