Naturalness and Iconicity in Language -- Editorial page -- Title page -- LCC data -- Table of contents -- Contributors -- Editors -- Introduction -- Preliminary remarks -- Iconicity -- Naturalness -- An overview of the contributions in this volume -- Concluding remarks -- References -- Philosophical naturalism and linguistic epistemology -- 1. Models of naturalism -- 2. Naturalism and the problem of the a priori -- 3. Naturalizing the a priori: Chomsky's way -- 4. Naturalizing the a priori: Darwin's way -- 5. Naturalizing the a priori: Piaget's way -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- Prolegomena to a general theory of iconicity considerations on language, gesture, and pictures -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Iconicity as a phenomenon, and semiosis -- 3. Icons and iconicity -- 4. The case against pictoriality -- 5. The multiple iconicities of words and pictures -- 6. The resources of verbal and visual semiosis -- 7. Iconicity in gesture -- 8. Partitioning the world in language and gesture -- 9. Conclusions -- References -- Semiotic foundations of natural linguistics and diagrammatic iconicity -- 1. Cratylus's echoes -- 2. The verbal sign and its object: correlates of iconicity -- 2.1 Similarity: a matter of reference or of meaning? -- 2.2 Peirce's Object as the correlate of an Icon -- 3. The natural substratum of language from the perspective of Peirce's semiotics -- 3.1 The naturalness of the symbol: habit, self-replication, and autopoiesis -- 3.2 The icon and its naturalness in itself -- 3.3 The index and its naturalness in an existential relation -- 4. Natural linguistics as a semiotic linguistics -- 5. Diagrammatic iconicity -- 6. The general diagrammatic iconicity of language structure -- 7. Verbal diagrams and their need for images, indices, and symbols -- 8. Language as a hybrid diagrammatic Legisign.

9. The cognitive naturalness and semiotic advantages of diagrams in verbal semiosis -- References -- Naturalness and markedness -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Naturalness theory and markedness theory contrasted -- 2.1 Naturalness scales -- 2.2 Markedness relations -- 2.3 Scales and relations -- 3. Values -- 3.1 Naturalness values -- 3.2 Markedness values -- 4. The syntax of values -- 4.1 'Natural' Naturalness syntax -- 4.1.1 The approach in Orešnik (2001) -- 4.1.2 Orešnik's (2004) approach -- 4.2 Markedness syntax -- 4.2.1 Asymmetric mappings -- 4.2.2 Markedness agreement -- 4.2.3 Markedness reversal and Markedness complementarity -- 5. Variation and change -- 5.1 Naturalness: static systems and diachronic correspondences -- 5.2 Markedness: actuation and actualization -- 5.2.1 A system-motivated change -- 5.2.2 A type-motivated change -- 6. Naturalness as a kind of markedness -- 6.1 Naturalness scales vs. Markedness relations -- 6.2 Symmetry vs. asymmetry -- 6.3 Asymmetry and substitution -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- Natural and unnatural sound patterns -- 1. Introduction: the study of sound patterns -- 2. Natural sound patterns -- 2.1 What are natural sound patterns? -- 2.2 A sampler of natural sound patterns -- 3. Unnatural sound patterns -- 3.1 What are unnatural sound patterns? -- 3.2 A sampler of unnatural sound patterns -- 4. Naturalness and synchronic grammars -- conclusions -- References -- The iconic function of full inversion in English -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Prepositional phrase inversion in fictional and non-fictional written English discourse -- 2.1 Distribution of the construction -- 2.2 The clause-initial constituent in fictional and non-fictional prepositional phrase inversions -- 3. Spatial experiential iconic markers and text-structuring devices -- 4. Conclusions -- References -- What is iconic about polysemy? -- 1. Introduction.

2. How polysemy contributes to iconicity in the lexicon -- 2.1 Peirce's definition of iconicity -- 2.2 Polysemy and diagrammatic iconicity -- 2.3 Polysemy and the icon type of metaphors -- 2.4 Polysemy and the icon type of images -- 3. Polysemy and scales of diagrammatic transparency -- 3.1 Where to place polysemy on scales of diagrammatic transparency -- 3.2 The impact of semantics on diagrammatic transparency: a questionnaire study -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Iconicity in sign languages -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The analogue building model of linguistic iconicity (Taub 2001) -- 3. Iconicity as structuring principle in sign languages -- 4. The Dependency Model: Sign language phonology and iconicity reconciled -- 5. Proposing an "iconic superstructure" -- 6. Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Arbitrary structure, cognitive grammar, and the partes orationis -- 1. Introduction: Iconic motivation in cognitive grammar -- 1.1 The meaning of a lexical class -- 9.1.2 Frequency-entrenchment and salience-construal -- 2. Polish 'rain' and 'snow'. A lexical field and its parts-of-speech -- 2.1 The lexical field -- 2.2 The lexical classes and grammatical categories -- 3. Class-lexeme productivity. Iconic motivation or arbitrary grammar -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Name index -- Subject index -- The series Iconicity in Language and Literature.