Volume 1 -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- Abbreviations -- About the companion website -- Volume 1: Clinical aspects of EMS -- Chapter 1 History of EMS -- Before 1966: historical perspectives -- 1966: the NAS-NRC report -- 1973: the Emergency Medical Services Systems Act -- 1973-1978: rapid growth of EMS systems -- Personnel -- Public education -- Communications -- Transportation -- Hospitals -- 1978-1981: EMS at midpassage -- Financing -- Research -- 1981: the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act -- 1982-1996: changing federal roles -- EMS physicians 1982-1996 -- Training 1982-1996 -- Transportation 1982-1996 -- 1996-2008: the role of the federal government matures, the United States faces terrorism, and EMS is at breaking point -- 2009-2013: a period of incremental progress -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Section I Airway -- Chapter 2 EMS airway management -- The skills of airway management -- Introduction -- The challenges of airway management in the prehospital setting -- Which airway, when, and how? -- Preventing common pitfalls of airway management -- Protocol development and equipment selection -- Strategic approaches to airway management -- Total quality management -- References -- Chapter 3 Airway procedures -- Introduction -- Basic airway interventions -- Advanced airway management -- Supraglottic airways -- Surgical airways -- Confirmation of airway placement -- Methods for securing the endotracheal tube and supraglottic airways -- Drug-facilitated intubation -- Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Airway management: special situations -- Introduction -- Ground-level airway management -- Face-to-face intubation -- Intubating under low light conditions -- Minimizing airway management equipment -- Telemedicine-assisted airway management.

Airway management in the tactical setting -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Section II Breathing -- Chapter 5 Respiratory distress -- Introduction -- Prehospital assessment and diagnosis -- General treatment -- Asthma -- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease -- Acute decompensated heart failure/acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema -- Pneumonia and infectious respiratory disease -- Pulmonary embolus -- Pneumothorax -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 Oxygenation and ventilation -- Introduction -- Assessment of oxygenation -- Assessment of ventilation -- Assisting oxygenation and ventilation -- Pneumothorax -- Conclusion -- References -- Section III Circulation -- Chapter 7 Hypotension and shock -- Introduction -- Pathophysiology -- Evaluation -- General approach to shock -- Hypovolemic shock -- Distributive shock -- Obstructive shock -- Cardiogenic shock -- Shock of unclear etiology -- Shock in the pediatric population -- Shock interventions -- Controversies -- Protocol development -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 Vascular access -- Introduction -- Benefits -- Risks -- Peripheral IV access -- Intraosseous access -- Central intravenous access -- Special considerations -- The future: ultrasound-guided IV access -- Conclusion -- References -- Section IV Medical Problems -- Chapter 9 The challenge of the undifferentiated patient -- Introduction: the call-taking process -- En route to the patient -- History taking -- Physical examination -- Adjuncts to the history and physical examination: prehospital diagnostic tests -- The truly undifferentiated patient -- Strategies for minimizing errors in clinical reasoning -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 Altered mental status -- Introduction -- Evaluation -- Management -- Challenges with the AMS patient -- Conclusion and EMS protocol recommendations -- Acknowledgment -- References.

Chapter 11 Cardiac arrest systems of care -- Introduction -- Epidemiology of cardiac arrest -- Elements of a community cardiac arrest care system -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12 Cardiac arrest: clinical management -- Introduction -- Specific interventions -- Principles of management -- Withholding resuscitation -- Termination of resuscitation -- Postarrest care -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13 Chest pain and acute coronary syndrome -- Introduction -- General approach -- Role of emergency medical dispatch -- The 12-lead electrocardiogram -- Medications -- Prehospital fibrinolysis -- Systems of care for ST-elevation myocardial infarction -- Emergency medical services transport -- Other common causes of chest discomfort -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14 Cardiac dysrhythmias -- Introduction -- Evaluation -- Controversies -- Protocols -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15 Cardiac procedures and managing technology -- Intraaortic balloon pump -- Ventricular assist device -- Implanted cardiac devices -- Pericardiocentesis -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 16 Abdominal pain -- Introduction -- Approach to the patient with abdominal pain -- Anatomy and physiology considerations -- History and physical examination -- Management -- Disposition -- Special populations -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 17 Submersion injuries/drowning -- Epidemiology -- Pathophysiology of drowning -- Clinical management -- Grief reactions -- References -- Chapter 18 Choking -- Introduction -- Pathophysiology and epidemiology -- Patient assessment -- Clinical management -- Medical oversight considerations -- Controversies -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 19 Syncope -- Introduction -- Pathophysiology -- Assessment -- Differential diagnosis -- Treatment -- Disposition -- Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 20 Seizures.

Introduction -- Pathophysiology -- Differential diagnosis -- Classification of seizure types -- EMS evaluation and response -- Pharmacological interventions -- Seizure-associated trauma -- Continuing management -- Refractory generalized convulsive status epilepticus -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 21 Stroke -- Introduction -- Overview of stroke -- Dispatcher guidelines and call prioritization -- EMS personnel on the scene -- Prehospital treatment of stroke -- Treatment options and the importance of time -- Role of the EMS system in promoting early patient arrival -- Importance of transport to an appropriate facility -- Protocols -- Controversies -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 22 Allergic reactions -- Introduction -- Physiology of allergic reactions -- Causative agents -- Assessment and general approach -- Prehospital treatment -- Special considerations -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 23 Diabetic emergencies -- Introduction -- Prehospital assessment -- Prehospital treatment -- Disposition -- Protocols -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 24 Renal failure and dialysis -- Introduction -- Definitions and pathophysiology -- Epidemiology -- Treatment of renal disease -- Complications of renal disease -- Complications of hemodialysis -- Medication concerns -- Complications of peritoneal dialysis -- Special considerations -- EMS pearls -- References -- Chapter 25 Infectious and communicable diseases -- Introduction -- Paramedic and patient -- General approach and patient assessment -- Biological weapons -- Other infections -- References -- Section V Trauma Problems -- Chapter 26 Trauma Systems of Care -- Introduction -- Trauma system organization -- Injury prevention -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 27 Blunt trauma considerations -- Introduction -- Effect on emergency medical services -- Training for EMS providers.

Resuscitation and initial assessment -- Constellations of blunt traumatic injury -- Issues in specific patient populations -- Medical oversight issues in trauma -- Guidelines for out-of-hospital management -- Prevention and other public health issues -- References -- Chapter 28 Motor vehicle crashes -- Introduction -- Effect on EMS -- Motor vehicle crash injury biomechanics -- Safety restraints -- Motor vehicle crash types -- Crashes involving vulnerable road users -- EMS crash assessment priorities -- Unique motor vehicle crash problems -- Emerging technology -- Available education -- References -- Chapter 29 Penetrating trauma -- Introduction -- Physics and mechanics of penetrating trauma -- Ballistics -- Types of weapons -- High-velocity projectile injury -- Resuscitation and initial assessment -- Transport issues -- Penetrating chest trauma -- Penetrating abdominal trauma -- Penetrating neck trauma -- Penetrating head and facial trauma -- Penetrating extremity trauma -- Prevention and public health issues -- Medicolegal issues -- Forensic issues -- Prehospital termination of resuscitation in penetrating trauma -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 30 Traumatic brain injury -- Introduction -- Primary assessment -- Secondary assessment -- Prehospital intubation -- Additional treatments -- Sports-related head injuries -- Pediatrics (Table 30.3) -- Prevention -- Transportation and destination decisions -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 31 Electrical injuries -- Introduction -- Basic concepts and pathophysiology -- Evaluation and treatment -- Lightning injury -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 32 Blast injury -- Introduction -- Explosive devices -- Blast injury -- Prehospital resuscitation and treatment -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 33 Thermal and chemical burns -- Introduction -- Pathophysiology -- Severity -- Depth -- Burn size.

Inhalation injury.