Introduction -- Contents -- 1 Two-dimensional Crystallization on Lipid Monolayers -- 1.1. Overview -- 1.2. Non-specific Adsorption through Electrostatic Interactions -- 1.3 Specific Adsorption via Ligands -- 1.3.1. Molecular recognition between protein and lipid headgroup -- Cholera toxin B/monosialoganglioside -- 1.3.2. Functionalized lipids -- 1.3.2.1. Moiety-carrying lipids -- Biotin-lipid streptavidin system -- Lipid-hapten -- ATP-lipid -- Novobiocin-lipid -- Dichlorophenyl-lipids -- Other specific lipid ligands -- 1.3.2.2. Metal-chelating lipids (Histidine-tag/Ni2+ lipid headgroup) -- NTA-Nickel lipid headgroup design -- Histidine-tag -- Binding properties of Ni2+-Histidine -- Effect of imidazole -- Effect of EDTA, DTT and various ions -- Effect of pH -- Effect of high salt, detergent, glycerol and other buffer conditions -- Crystallization of His-tag proteins -- 1.3.2.3. Multifunctionalized lipids -- 1.3.2.4. Immobilization of proteins on biofunctionalized surfaces using synthetic lipids -- Moiety-carrying lipids -- Metal-chelating lipid -- 2 Two-dimensional Crystallization of Membrane Proteins -- 2.1 Overview -- 2.2. Naturally Occurring and Induced 2D Crystals -- 2.3. 2D Crystallization by Reconstitution into a Lipid Bilayer -- 2.4 Surface Crystallization of Membrane Proteins -- 3 Methods to Monitor Surface Crystallization -- Introduction to the Biophysical Studies of Interfaces -- 3.1. Fluidity of the Monolayers -- 3.1.1. Measurement of the fluidity of lipids -- 3.1.2. Fluidity of the lipid monolayer and crystallization -- 3.1.3. How to modify the fluidity of a lipid monolayer? -- Modification of the surface tension imposed by the lipid at the interface -- Effect of temperature -- Variation of the molecular structure of lipids -- 3.2. Ellipsometry -- 3.3. Rigidity Measurements -- 3.4. Brewster Angle Microscopy.

3.5. X-Ray Reflectivity and X-Ray Grazing Incidence Diffraction -- 3.5.1. X-Ray reflectivity -- 3.5.2. X-Ray grazing incidence diffraction on monolayers at the surface of water -- 3.6. Atomic Force Microscopy -- 4 Electron Microscopic Observations and Image Analysis -- 4.1. Transfer of the Monolayer onto an Electron Microscope Grid -- Various approaches have been tried to overcome this problem of transfer -- 4.2. Preparation of the Specimen for Electron Microscopic Observation -- 4.2.1. Negative staining -- 4.2.2. Cryo-electron microscopy -- 4.3. The Electron Microscope -- 4.3.1. Formation of the image -- 4.3.2. Instrumental advances -- 4.4. Image Processing -- 4.4.1. Averaging imaging to improve the resolution -- 4.4.2. Three-dimensional information -- 4.4.3. Combining modelling and interpretation of results -- 5 Practical Considerations -- 5.1. General Practical Considerations for Soluble Proteins or Multi-Protein Complexes -- 5.2. Membrane Protein Crystallization -- 5.3. Single Particle Observation -- 6 Other New Methods -- 6.1. DNA Scaffolds -- 6.2. Nanotubes -- Appendix -- Glossary -- Bibliography -- Index.