Cover -- Title page -- Contents -- Preface -- Part One -- 1 Structure and Function -- 1.1 Anatomy of the Human Eye -- 1.2 Retina: The Optical Sensor -- 1.2.1 Retinal Structure -- 1.2.2 Functional Areas -- 1.3 Recommended Reading -- References -- 2 Optics of the Human Eye -- 2.1 Optical Imaging -- 2.1.1 Entrance and Exit Pupils -- 2.1.2 Cardinal Points -- 2.1.3 Eye Axes -- 2.1.4 Accommodation -- 2.1.5 Resolution -- 2.1.6 Adaption -- 2.1.7 Stiles-Crawford Effect -- 2.1.8 Depth of Field -- 2.1.9 Binocular Vision -- 2.1.10 Spectral Properties -- 2.2 Schematic Eye Models -- 2.2.1 Paraxial Model: The Gullstrand Eye -- 2.2.2 Finite Wide-Angle Models -- 2.2.3 Applications of Eye Models -- 2.3 Color Vision -- 2.4 Recommended Reading -- References -- 3 Visual Disorders and Major Eye Diseases -- 3.1 Refractive Errors -- 3.1.1 Axial-Symmetric Ametropia: Myopia and Hyperopia -- 3.1.2 Astigmatism -- 3.1.3 Notations of Spherocylindric Refraction in Astigmatic Eyes -- 3.1.4 Anisometropia -- 3.1.5 Distribution of Refractive Errors -- 3.1.6 Refractive Errors Caused by Diseases -- 3.2 Cataract -- 3.3 Glaucoma -- 3.4 Age-Related Macular Degeneration -- 3.4.1 ARM -- 3.4.2 Dry AMD -- 3.4.3 Wet AMD -- 3.5 Diabetic Retinopathy -- 3.6 Retinal Vein Occlusions -- 3.7 Infective Eye Diseases -- 3.7.1 Trachoma -- 3.7.2 Onchocerciasis -- 3.8 Major Causes for Visual Impairment -- 3.9 Major Causes of Blindness -- 3.10 Socio-Economic Impact of Eye Diseases -- 3.11 Recommended Reading -- Problems to Chapters 1-3 -- References -- Part Two -- 4 Introduction to Ophthalmic Diagnosis and Imaging -- 4.1 Determination of the Eye's Refractive Status -- 4.2 Visualization, Imaging, and Structural Analysis -- 4.3 Determination of the Eye's Functional Status -- 4.3.1 Global Functional Status -- 4.3.2 Local Functional Status -- 4.4 Light Hazard Protection -- References.

5 Determination of the Refractive Status of the Eye -- 5.1 Retinoscopy -- 5.1.1 Illumination Beam Path -- 5.1.2 Observation Beam Path -- 5.1.3 Measurement Procedure -- 5.1.4 Accuracy in Retinoscopy -- 5.1.5 Applications -- 5.2 Automated Objective Refractometers (Autorefractors) -- 5.2.1 Common Characteristics of Autorefractors -- 5.2.2 Measuring Methods -- 5.2.3 Measurement Accuracy and Limitations of Automatic Refractometers -- 5.3 Aberrometers -- 5.3.1 Fundamentals of Aberrometry -- 5.3.2 General Measurement Principles for Aberrometers -- 5.3.3 General Remarks on Aberrometry -- 5.3.4 Hartmann-Shack Wavefront Aberrometer (Outgoing Light Aberrometer) -- 5.3.5 Ingoing Light Aberrometers -- 5.3.6 Commercial Aberrometers -- 5.4 Wavefront Reconstruction and Wavefront Analysis -- 5.4.1 From Wavefront to Refraction (Wavefront Analysis) -- 5.4.2 Applications of Wavefront Analysis -- 5.5 Excursus: Refractive Correction with Eye Glasses and Contact Lenses -- 5.6 Recommended Reading -- 5.7 Problems -- References -- 6 Optical Visualization, Imaging, and Structural Analysis -- 6.1 Medical Magnifying Systems -- 6.1.1 Optics of a Single Loupe -- 6.1.2 Medical Loupes -- 6.2 Surgical Microscopes -- 6.2.1 Requirements for Surgical Microscopes -- 6.2.2 Functional Principle -- 6.2.3 Modular Structure of Surgical Microscopes -- 6.2.4 Prospects -- 6.3 Reflection Methods for Topographic Measurements -- 6.3.1 Keratometer -- 6.3.2 Placido Ring Corneal Topographer -- 6.4 Slit Lamp -- 6.4.1 Functional Principle -- 6.4.2 Modular Structure -- 6.4.3 Types of Illumination for Various Applications -- 6.4.4 Accessories for Other Examinations and Measurements -- 6.4.5 Prospects -- 6.5 Scanning-Slit Projection Devices -- 6.5.1 Lateral Scanning-Slit Projection Techniques -- 6.5.2 Scheimpflug Imaging of Rotating-Slit Projections -- 6.5.3 Clinical Relevance and Applications.

6.6 Ophthalmoscope -- 6.6.1 Functional Principle -- 6.6.2 Direct Ophthalmoscope -- 6.6.3 Indirect Ophthalmoscope -- 6.7 Fundus Camera -- 6.7.1 Requirements for a Fundus Camera -- 6.7.2 Functional Principle -- 6.7.3 Field of View and Magnification -- 6.7.4 Wide-Field Imaging -- 6.7.5 Color and Monochrome Imaging -- 6.7.6 Fluorescence Angiography -- 6.7.7 Fundus Autofluorescence -- 6.7.8 Stereoscopic Imaging and Analysis -- 6.7.9 Equipment Solutions -- 6.7.10 Prospects -- 6.8 Scanning-Laser Devices -- 6.8.1 Confocal Scanning-Laser Ophthalmoscope -- 6.8.2 Confocal Scanning-Laser Tomograph -- 6.8.3 Scanning-Laser Polarimeter -- 6.9 Recommended Reading -- 6.10 Problems -- References -- 7 Optical Coherence Methods for Three-Dimensional Visualization and Structural Analysis -- 7.1 Introduction to Optical Coherence Tomography -- 7.2 Development of OCT and LCI as an Example of Modern Medical Technology Innovation -- 7.2.1 Academic Research - Conception of OCT (until 1993) -- 7.2.2 First Generation of Commercial OCTs (1993-2002) -- 7.2.3 Second Generation of OCTs - ZEISS Stratus OCT (2002-2006) -- 7.2.4 Third Generation of OCTs - Frequency-Domain OCT (2007-current) -- 7.3 Principles of Low-Coherence Interferometry and Optical Coherence Tomography -- 7.3.1 Michelson Interferometry with Coherent Light -- 7.3.2 Michelson Interferometry with Low-Coherence Light -- 7.3.3 Time-Domain OCT -- 7.3.4 Frequency-Domain OCT -- 7.3.5 Swept-Source OCT -- 7.3.6 Overview and Comparison of OCT Systems -- 7.4 Elements of OCT Theory -- 7.4.1 Theory of Time-Domain OCT - Axial Resolution -- 7.4.2 Theory of Frequency-Domain OCT -- 7.4.3 Effect of Group Velocity Dispersion in OCT Systems -- 7.4.4 Sensitivity and Signal-To-Noise Ratio in TD-OCT and FD-OCT -- 7.5 Device Design of OCTs -- 7.5.1 Light Sources -- 7.5.2 Commercial Systems -- 7.6 Ophthalmic Applications of OCT.

7.6.1 Posterior Segment of the Eye -- 7.6.2 Anterior Part of the Eye -- 7.7 Optical Biometry by Low-Coherence Interferometry -- 7.7.1 Dual-Beam Low-Coherence Interferometry -- 7.7.2 Applications of Optical Biometry -- 7.8 Prospects -- 7.9 Recommended Reading -- 7.10 Problems -- References -- 8 Functional Diagnostics -- 8.1 Visual Field Examination -- 8.1.1 Physiological Aspects and Functional Principles -- 8.1.2 Basic Perimeter Design -- 8.1.3 Alternative Perimetric Concepts -- 8.1.4 Prospects -- 8.2 Metabolic Mapping -- 8.2.1 Microcirculation Mapping -- 8.2.2 Fluorophore Mapping -- 8.2.3 Prospects -- 8.3 Recommended Reading -- 8.4 Problems -- References -- Part Three -- 9 Laser-Tissue Interaction -- 9.1 Absorption -- 9.2 Elastic Scattering -- 9.2.1 Rayleigh Scattering -- 9.2.2 Mie Scattering -- 9.3 Optical Properties of Biological Tissue -- 9.4 Interaction of Irradiated Biological Tissue -- 9.4.1 Photochemical Response -- 9.4.2 Photothermal Response -- 9.4.3 Photoablation -- 9.4.4 Plasma-Induced Ablation and Photodisruption -- 9.5 Propagation of Femtosecond Pulses in Transparent Media -- 9.5.1 Self-Focusing -- 9.5.2 Self-Phase Modulation -- 9.5.3 Group Velocity Dispersion -- 9.6 Ophthalmic Laser Safety -- 9.6.1 Laser Classes -- 9.6.2 Safe Use of Ophthalmic Laser Systems -- 9.7 Recommended Reading -- 9.8 Problems -- References -- 10 Laser Systems for Treatment of Eye Diseases and Refractive Errors -- 10.1 Laser Systems Based on Photochemical Interactions -- 10.1.1 Basics of Photodynamic Therapy -- 10.1.2 Technical Equipment Concepts -- 10.1.3 Treatment Procedure -- 10.1.4 Prospects -- 10.2 Laser Systems Based on Photothermal Interactions -- 10.2.1 Functional Principle -- 10.2.2 Process Parameters -- 10.2.3 Treatment Modes -- 10.2.4 Technical Equipment Concepts -- 10.2.5 Clinical Applications -- 10.2.6 Prospects.

10.3 Laser Systems Based on Photoablation -- 10.3.1 Basics of Photoablation Treatments -- 10.3.2 Technical Equipment Concepts -- 10.3.3 Surgical Ablation Techniques -- 10.3.4 Prospects -- 10.4 Laser Systems Based on Photodisruption with Nanosecond Pulses -- 10.4.1 Functional Principle -- 10.4.2 Process Parameters -- 10.4.3 Technical Equipment Concepts -- 10.4.4 Clinical Applications -- 10.4.5 Prospects -- 10.5 Laser Systems Based on Plasma-Induced Ablation with Femtosecond Pulses -- 10.5.1 Functional Principle -- 10.5.2 Process Parameters -- 10.5.3 Technical Equipment Concepts -- 10.5.4 Clinical Applications -- 10.5.5 Prospects -- 10.6 Recommended Reading -- 10.7 Problems -- References -- Appendix A Basics of Optics -- A.1 Geometric Optics and Optical Imaging -- A.1.1 Refraction and Dispersion -- A.1.2 Imaging by Spherical Surfaces -- A.1.3 The Ray Tracing Approach to Paraxial Optical Systems -- A.1.4 Aperture Stops, Field Stops, and Pupils -- A.1.5 Limitations of the Paraxial Beam Approximation -- A.1.6 Aberrations -- A.1.7 Wavefront Aberration and Image Quality -- A.1.8 Classification and Expansion of the Wave Aberration Function -- A.1.9 Chromatic Aberration -- A.2 Wave Optics -- A.2.1 Monochromatic Harmonic Waves -- A.2.2 Paraxial Solutions of the Wave Equation -- A.2.3 Monochromatic Superposition of Harmonic Waves -- A.2.4 Polychromatic Superposition of Waves -- A.3 Recommended Reading -- A.4 Problems -- References -- Appendix B Basics of Laser Systems -- B.1 Einstein's Two-Level Model of Light-Atom Interaction -- B.1.1 Absorption -- B.1.2 Spontaneous emission -- B.1.3 Stimulated emission -- B.1.4 Relation of Einstein Coefficients -- B.2 Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission -- B.2.1 Conditions for Population Inversion -- B.2.2 Multilevel Optical Pumping -- B.3 Laser Oscillator -- B.3.1 Inversion Threshold -- B.3.2 Standing Wave Condition.

B.4 The Gaussian Oscillator.